Cultural Differences Between Hong Kong and the U.S. Essay -- American

Social Differences Between Hong Kong and the U.S. Hong Kong has been one of the most prosperous urban communities on the planet for a long time. The possibility of Hong Kong being come back to China was alarming numerous Hong Kong individuals in the mid 80s, however the handover ended up being a significant second for the vast majority of the residents. Today, Hong Kong is not, at this point a settlement of Britain and Chinese are holding the vast majority of the top situations in the administration. Not just the political and financial issues have been changed a ton, yet additionally the educational system has. Prior to 1997, most subjects at schools were educated in English. Despite the fact that it has been difficult for understudies to learn materials with their subsequent language, they have been driving themselves to move alongside it. Be that as it may, after Hong Kong was returned, a significant number of the auxiliary schools had been constrained by the Chinese government to change practically all the subjects to Chinese. T he facts confirm that the substance of the books would be progressively justifiable for the understudies, yet the tragic thing was that everything would be changed back to English at colleges, which would course a torment for the understudies. Additionally, the considering style in Hong Kong is not quite the same as the one in the United States. The majority of the individuals in the U.S. give more consideration to the procedure while Hong Kong understudies for the most part center just around the aftereffect of the courses. In normal, understudies in Hong Kong ordinarily don't have a lot of work to do between the primary day and the last fourteen days of a semester, however they will put al...

Effects of the 8th Amendment on American Law Essay Example for Free

Impacts of the eighth Amendment on American Law Essay The Eighth Amendment Excessive bail will not be required, nor over the top fines forced, nor unfeeling and abnormal disciplines inflicted.Ever since the Eighth Amendment was endorsed by the states in 1791, it has been a key piece of our Constitution. The Eighth Amendment has shielded our kin from numerous things, including an excessively high bail or unnatural disciplines. It has guaranteed that in common issues, just as criminal cases, the individuals of America are shielded from an excessively high bail and savage and uncommon disciplines. The Eighth Amendment has worked up numerous debates with its numerous ways of understanding, in that the U.S. revisions are recorded on paper yet now and then not appropriately upheld. The eighth amendment is the one I favor least and is to be inspected during this task. I take the twofold disapproved of position regarding the matter of the eighth Amendment of for and against this alteration. Is the Death Penalty an Effective Punishment? As I would see it truly, with at any rate one significant regard, it basically can't be contended that an executioner, when executed, can ever murder again. The wrongdoing must fit the discipline so as to legitimize, and this discipline must not support anybody on the establishment of shading. In the event that this were the situation I would unquestionably thoroughly concur with this revision, in any case, Studies show that there are racial inclinations when capital punishment is done. Since the resumption of executions in the mid 1980s, 40 percent of those executed have been dark. What's more, as a rule blacks were more regularly executed than were whites without having their conviction audited by any higher court. The race of the person in question and the respondent definitely impacts the choice to look for a capital punishment. College of Iowa law teacher David Baldus directed a comprehensive criminal condemning examination in Georgia during the 1980s. He found that investigators looked for capital punishment for 70% of dark litigants with white casualties, yet just 15% of dark respondents with dark casualties. Comparable examples of racial inclination are found the nation over. Over portion of those waiting for capital punishment are non-white individuals. Dark men alone make up over 42% of all death row detainees, however they represent just 6% of individuals living in the U.S. Across the nation, cases including a white casualty and a respondent of shading are well on the way to bring about a capital punishment. The Baldus study found that six out of ten litigants condemned to death in Georgia forâ killing a white individual would not have gotten a capital punishment had their casualty been dark. A case including a white individual was more than multiple times bound to bring about a capital punishment than was a practically identical dark casualty case. In Maryland the state with perhaps the most noteworthy level of African Americans waiting for capital punishment a capital punishment is multiple times more probable in a white casualty case than a dark casualty case, as indicated by a 1987 Public Defenders Office study. Almost 50% of those executed since 1976 have been minorities, with blacks alone representing 35%. On the whole, 82% have been executed for the homicide of a white individual. Just 1.8% was whites who had been sentenced for executing individuals of African, Asian, or Latin plummet. Then, non-white individuals are the casualties in the greater part everything being equal. Sinc e 1930, one of every two people executed was dark. At last I should remain in favor of restriction with this Amendment based on predisposition and propose a ban until an away from of this correction is set up with clear required sentences paying little heed to the person in question or the litigants ethnicity and does what it at first expected to do which is secure The American resident without breaking different revisions all the while. Criminal court techniques are at an untouched moderate and expedient preliminaries are a relic of days gone by. The administration spending and salary approaches should be adjusted to present day times. Additionally the injustice punishment ought to be progressively grievous in the new world.ins a significant piece of our administration. Works Cited Shortall, Joseph M.; Merrill, Denise W. Instruction Information Resource Center City: Publisher N/A, 1987. McCLESKEY v. KEMP-481 U.S. 27 [Ty caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/contents/getcase. caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/contents/getcase.pl?court=usvol=481invol=279www.law.uiowa.edu/staff/david-baldus.php

Olestra: or WOE? :: Dieting Diet Fat Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Olestra: or WOE? Presentation Wouldn’t it be decent if there were a way the eating regimen crazed society of America could get around eating fat, yet at the same time appreciate the exquisite taste that goes with it? All things considered, wonderfully, it is conceivable through an item called Olestra. This apparently flawless item made by Proctor and Gamble was as of late affirmed by the FDA for use as a substitute for fat in nibble nourishments, for example, potato and corn chips. â€Å"Olestra is a zero calorie fat substitution expected to supplant 100% of the fat utilized in the planning of exquisite nourishments and snacks† (http://www.olestra.com). This supernatural occurrence creation is by all accounts the ideal response to the nutritionists and wellbeing professionals’ proposal of diminished fat in the eating regimen. What better approach to bring down your fat admission than by not changing your eating regimen and proceeding to eat the nourishments you love? Delegate and Gamble conce ntrated on America's powerless point: over-eating and their fixation on appearances to make a multimillion dollar innovation: low quality nourishment that is â€Å"non-fat.† Although the perilous impacts of Olestra are still under escalated study, purchasers wherever are requesting items with this counterfeit fat substitute. Fat Substitutes Fat substitutes come in different various types. There are those that are assimilated into the body and those that are not consumed into the body. Olestra is one that isn't consumed into the body. It goes through the stomach related framework and is discharged as waste and never utilized. These appear to be innocuous, however in reality the damage isn't associated with the fat admission, it is in the supplement ingestion interruption. For those fat substitutes which are ingested, the shopper needs to think about the disposal of the fat substitute, so the issue of retaining fat doesn't appear to be settled with that item. The Chemical Composition of Olestra Olestra is a sucrose polyester structure of six to eight unsaturated fats bound together by a sucrose center. It is an engineered fat made out of sucrose and palatable oils. Olestra can be utilized as a fat substitute for all intents and purposes anyplace in light of its adaptability of chain length and immersion levels on the sucrose atom (http://www.cochrancorp.com/faq.htm). For what reason is Olestra Effective? Olestra’s adequacy is because of the way that it isn't processed or retained into the body and thusly it adds no calories or fat to the eating routine.

Impacts of National Healthcare Reform Essay example -- health care, A

Medicinal services in the United States has gotten one of the greatest, most discussed issues in today’s society and individuals express worries over quality, availability, decision, cost and many different elements. Legislators on the two sides of the walkway have attempted to utilize social insurance issues to further their potential benefit, Democrats discussing the correct that all Americans ought to need to quality medicinal services while Republicans hammer on the colossal expense and its effect on the government’s deficiency and on business. With the section of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) on March 23, 2010, the discussion has heightened. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the US administrative organization that regulates Medicare and Medicaid, found that the enactment would do little to stem the ascent in social insurance consumptions which are relied upon to increment to in excess of 20% of GDP in the following decade. Non etheless, simultaneously, President Obama expressed that â€Å"The Health Care Reform Bill we spent a year ago will slow these increasing costs, which is a piece of the explanation that impartial market analysts have said that revoking the social insurance law would include a fourth of a trillion dollars to our shortfall. My Administration ventures noteworthy reserve funds from the social insurance reform.† This paper won't endeavor to handle the issue of whether the general effect of the bill will be progressively positive or negative to the US economy. The objective of this paper is to layout why tending to social insurance is so significant monetarily and afterward to investigate some particular parts of the PPACA enactment, for example, the order for inclusion, the end of previous conditions and inclusion rescissions, permitting subordinate inclusion until age 26, and the additio... ...s arrangements doesn't ensure any level of comprehension of the general effect this enactment will have. Anyway it is conceivable to take a gander at different parts of the enactment and estimate the ramifications of those changes. Certain securities that the bill gives, similar to extension of ward inclusion, end of previous conditions and forbiddance of rescissions of inclusion, will emphatically affect a few people yet will by and large reason higher human services costs. Different parts of the bill, similar to the clinical misfortune proportion necessities and the inclusion orders, will affect organizations differentially. I trust in its totality, littler businesses will get some advantage out of the enactment while bigger bosses are likely hurt. In any case, it will be a very long time after this law is ordered, and likely altered, that the genuine effects of the enactment are known.

Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Sustenance - Essay Example In view of what the specialists state about it, nourishment in this manner isn't only a simple idea, however it has noteworthy worth related with it that could help in the estimation of the nation’s prosperity of its kin. It is an idea that could offer some incentive and intricately delineate the social and political parts of a country. For example, it could help measure the degree of food circulation in both progressed and devastated nations dependent on their monetary and political contemplations. It could likewise portray the predominant socio-social pattern and estimation of food in a country. In this way, sustenance is something that doesn't just include the fundamental or crucial supplements of the food, yet on other noteworthy issues related with the country’s social, political and financial development and advancement (Cullather 338). At the end of the day, what the specialists are just saying about nourishment is something equivalent to understanding the prospe rity of people and their countries. On account of Nick Cullather and his article â€Å"The Foreign Policy of the Calorie†, the said writer reacts to the conventional perspective on taking a gander at the idea of nourishment. By fusing the thought regarding â€Å"calorie†, Cullather increases enough measure of proof to propose how sustenance might be utilized to conceivably comprehend and check the nation’s organization and appropriation of nourishments. At the end of the day, he is reacting to how craving can be possibly measured. Then again, C. Gopalan and Bani Tamber Aeri with their article â€Å"Strategies to Combat Under-Nutrition† are not really concentrating on the estimation of the country’s level of under-nourishment, yet rather on making basic techniques to help battle the issue with lacking food gracefully with the correct sustenance to each table. Hence, these specialists react to the common issues about food appetite and food quality on the planet and in discovering ways on the most proficient method to

Wilmington

Wilmington Wilmington. 1 City (1990 pop. 71,529), seat of New Castle co., NE Del., on the Delaware River and tributary streams, the Christina and the Brandywine; settled 1638, inc. as a city 1832. The state's largest city, it is a port of entry handling domestic and foreign shipping. It has railroad shops and is a major financial services and chemical and biomedical center. Wilmington is the headquarters of the Du Pont company and its research and experimental laboratories, as well as of financial services companies. There is food processing, petroleum refining, and the manufacture of machinery; electronics; plastic, metal, and glass products; hardware; leather goods; feeds; transportation, photographic, and computer equipment; furniture; ordnance; textiles and apparel; and steel. Fort Christina, built there by the Swedes in 1638 (the site is now a state park), was taken by the Dutch (1655) and then by the British (1664). In 1682, William Penn came into possession of the region. Shipping and manufacturing grew early, and industry was well developed when E. I. Du Pont established a powder mill on the Brandywine in 1802. Goldey-Beacom College, a campus of Widener Univ., and a campus of Delaware State Univ. are in the city. Wilmington's many historic buildings include Old Swedes Church (1698). Other points of interest are Rodney Square (the city center), the Delaware Academy of Medicine, the Delaware Art Center, the Riverfront Arts Center, and the nearby Hagley and Winterthur museums, the Woodlawn portion of the First State National Monument, several state parks, and Longwood Gardens. 2 Town (1990 pop. 17,654), Middlesex co., NE Mass., a suburb of Boston, on the Ipswich River; settled 1639, inc. 1730. Economic enterprises include space research and the manufacture of plastics, machinery, medical equipment, and electronics. 3 City (1990 pop. 55,530), seat of New Hanover co., SE N.C., a port of entry on the Cape Fear River, c.30 mi (50 km) from its mouth; settl ed 1732, inc. as a city 1866. The state's largest port, Wilmington is also a tourist resort and a sports fishing center. Its manufactures include chemicals; plastics; machinery; rubber, paper, and metal products; yachts; building materials; apparel; and optical fibers. Wilmington is also a busy filmmaking center. The British Gen. Cornwallis held the town in 1781. During the Civil War, Wilmington was the last Confederate port to close; Confederate blockade runners used it until the fall of Fort Fisher on Jan. 15, 1865. Liberty ships (cargo/transport ships) were built there during World War II. The Univ. of North Carolina Wilmington is in the city. The U.S.S. North Carolina is moored in the river. 4 City (1990 pop. 11,199), seat of Clinton co., SW Ohio, in a farm (chiefly corn and hogs) area; settled 1810, inc. 1828. Tools, machinery, metal products, and transportation equipment are made. Wilmington College of Ohio is there, and a state park is nearby. The Columbia Electr onic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Make up for Lost Savings in Your 529 Plan

Yesterday she was in diapers; now she's prepping for the SATs. Where did the time go? More importantly, where are the college savings you planned to accumulate by now? For parents who need to make up years of savings fast, here are four last-minute places to find cash for your 529 plan. Tap into relatives If an aging relative knows that their time is coming soon, they can give their beneficiaries more by investing in a 529 plan rather than gifting directly. "Normally, people can only gift up to $13,000 per year ($26,000 for joint filers) before incurring gift tax, but 529 plans have a special rule that allows people to gift five years at a time," says Carl Friedrich, a Certified Financial Planner with Friedrich Wealth Management in Syosset, N.Y. "(Joint filing) relatives who want to leave money can invest up to $130,000 into a 529 plan without paying gift tax." Friedrich adds that the caveat is especially important to elderly relatives looking to give away their estate by gifting. Instead of handing over $13,000 cash and paying tax on the rest, donors who would like to gift large sums can get more tax-free mileage out of their money by investing it in a 529 plan for their recipient. Delay the inevitable "Clients should leave their money in a 529 plan as long as possible," says Mark Atherton, a Certified Financial Planner with Ticknor, Atherton & Associates in Reston, Va. "If they can fund the first years of college using different assets, that gives their money more time to grow." Families that plan to take out student loans can stash away money in their 529 plan while using the student loan to pay for the initial college years. Then, they can use cash from a 529 plan to pay for the rest. While undergrad Stafford loans have a low 4.5 percent fixed rate this year, parents could find a better deal in home equity, says Dan Goldie, president of Dan Goldie Financial Services, LLC in Menlo Park, Calif. . "If you're in a state that offers a (state income) tax deduction for your 529 contribution, it might be attractive to borrow from home equity. Put (the money) in the 529, get the tax deduction and let the money grow for a few years," says Goldie. "If the tax savings plus the interest on the 529 investment is greater than the cost of the loan, that could be a sensible investment." Get shifty The simplest way to get 529 funds is to pull them from somewhere else. "The 529 tax advantages are probably going to outweigh the interest gained on a CD or money market account," explains Kevin Worthley, a Certified Financial Planner with the Retirement Planning Co. of New England in Warwick, R.I. "You can also move funds from taxable brokerage accounts." Families that shift assets from a savings account in their child's name can also improve their financial-aid eligibility. Since the federal government assesses assets in the child's name at a higher rate than parental assets when doling out financial aid, moving money from accounts in Junior's name into a 529 plan will provide federal tax advantages and potentially bigger government grants. There's a catch. Pulling out of a CD early could cause you to lose some, perhaps all, of the interest accrued on the investment while pulling out of brokerage accounts can rack up hefty tax consequences. "You can't move stock directly into a 529 plan. You have to sell it first and pay taxes," adds Worthley. Take a loss Thomas Donovan, a Certified Public Accountant with Marvin and Co., P.C., in Latham, N.Y., says that families with stocks in the gutter may be able to find college cash by taking a capital loss. "If a brokerage account has lost money, the account holders can withdraw and declare a loss," says Donovan. "If that loss exceeds their capital gains for that year, they can claim up to a $3,000 tax deduction and reinvest that in a 529." On top of the capital loss deduction, account holders who go that route could also get a state tax deduction if they reinvest in their home state's 529 plan. In addition, investors can take a loss on a sunken 529 account, but the rules are dramatically different. To do so, account holders must liquidate their 529 plan, incurring a 10 percent penalty on any interest earned, and they'll have to pay federal and potentially state taxes, according to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Once the 529 plan is liquidated, account holders can claim the loss as a miscellaneous itemized deduction. "That's not the same as a capital loss," says Goldie. "529 losses get lumped into the section where you declare employee reimbursements and advisory and tax-prep fees. If those things together are greater than 2 percent of your adjusted gross income, that's the only way you get the deduction." For a single account holder with a $60,000 income, the loss on a 529 plan plus all other miscellaneous deductions must total $1,200 to claim the deduction. If the 529 lost $2,000, the account holder could claim an $800 deduction, which may not outweigh the penalties incurred by liquidating the account. "I'd love to tell parents that there's a great way to make up for lost (college savings) time, but there's really not," says Friedrich. "These are incremental things you can do, but there's no magic potion." Posted September 24, 2010 Yesterday she was in diapers; now she's prepping for the SATs. Where did the time go? More importantly, where are the college savings you planned to accumulate by now? For parents who need to make up years of savings fast, here are four last-minute places to find cash for your 529 plan. Tap into relatives If an aging relative knows that their time is coming soon, they can give their beneficiaries more by investing in a 529 plan rather than gifting directly. "Normally, people can only gift up to $13,000 per year ($26,000 for joint filers) before incurring gift tax, but 529 plans have a special rule that allows people to gift five years at a time," says Carl Friedrich, a Certified Financial Planner with Friedrich Wealth Management in Syosset, N.Y. "(Joint filing) relatives who want to leave money can invest up to $130,000 into a 529 plan without paying gift tax." Friedrich adds that the caveat is especially important to elderly relatives looking to give away their estate by gifting. Instead of handing over $13,000 cash and paying tax on the rest, donors who would like to gift large sums can get more tax-free mileage out of their money by investing it in a 529 plan for their recipient. Delay the inevitable "Clients should leave their money in a 529 plan as long as possible," says Mark Atherton, a Certified Financial Planner with Ticknor, Atherton & Associates in Reston, Va. "If they can fund the first years of college using different assets, that gives their money more time to grow." Families that plan to take out student loans can stash away money in their 529 plan while using the student loan to pay for the initial college years. Then, they can use cash from a 529 plan to pay for the rest. While undergrad Stafford loans have a low 4.5 percent fixed rate this year, parents could find a better deal in home equity, says Dan Goldie, president of Dan Goldie Financial Services, LLC in Menlo Park, Calif. . "If you're in a state that offers a (state income) tax deduction for your 529 contribution, it might be attractive to borrow from home equity. Put (the money) in the 529, get the tax deduction and let the money grow for a few years," says Goldie. "If the tax savings plus the interest on the 529 investment is greater than the cost of the loan, that could be a sensible investment." Get shifty The simplest way to get 529 funds is to pull them from somewhere else. "The 529 tax advantages are probably going to outweigh the interest gained on a CD or money market account," explains Kevin Worthley, a Certified Financial Planner with the Retirement Planning Co. of New England in Warwick, R.I. "You can also move funds from taxable brokerage accounts." Families that shift assets from a savings account in their child's name can also improve their financial-aid eligibility. Since the federal government assesses assets in the child's name at a higher rate than parental assets when doling out financial aid, moving money from accounts in Junior's name into a 529 plan will provide federal tax advantages and potentially bigger government grants. There's a catch. Pulling out of a CD early could cause you to lose some, perhaps all, of the interest accrued on the investment while pulling out of brokerage accounts can rack up hefty tax consequences. "You can't move stock directly into a 529 plan. You have to sell it first and pay taxes," adds Worthley. Take a loss Thomas Donovan, a Certified Public Accountant with Marvin and Co., P.C., in Latham, N.Y., says that families with stocks in the gutter may be able to find college cash by taking a capital loss. "If a brokerage account has lost money, the account holders can withdraw and declare a loss," says Donovan. "If that loss exceeds their capital gains for that year, they can claim up to a $3,000 tax deduction and reinvest that in a 529." On top of the capital loss deduction, account holders who go that route could also get a state tax deduction if they reinvest in their home state's 529 plan. In addition, investors can take a loss on a sunken 529 account, but the rules are dramatically different. To do so, account holders must liquidate their 529 plan, incurring a 10 percent penalty on any interest earned, and they'll have to pay federal and potentially state taxes, according to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Once the 529 plan is liquidated, account holders can claim the loss as a miscellaneous itemized deduction. "That's not the same as a capital loss," says Goldie. "529 losses get lumped into the section where you declare employee reimbursements and advisory and tax-prep fees. If those things together are greater than 2 percent of your adjusted gross income, that's the only way you get the deduction." For a single account holder with a $60,000 income, the loss on a 529 plan plus all other miscellaneous deductions must total $1,200 to claim the deduction. If the 529 lost $2,000, the account holder could claim an $800 deduction, which may not outweigh the penalties incurred by liquidating the account. "I'd love to tell parents that there's a great way to make up for lost (college savings) time, but there's really not," says Friedrich. "These are incremental things you can do, but there's no magic potion." Posted September 24, 2010

The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde - 760 Words

Influence in the dictionary is defined as having power over a person, the ability to sway a person’s thoughts, and falling under someone’s influence is unavoidable when a person does not establish a sense of identity. The definition of influence in â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† is, â€Å"there is no such thing as a good influence...because to influence a person is to give him ones own soul†¦he becomes an echo of someone elses music, an actor of a part that has not been written for him† (Wilde 18). â€Å"In The Picture of Dorian Gray†, Dorian’s portrait alters as Dorian himself alters his personality which exemplifies more of an influential transformation compared to Jekyll’s addiction to becoming Hyde in â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde†. Lord Henry, in The Picture of Dorian Gray points out that there is something terribly enthralling in the exercise of influence† (33). Dr. Jekyll has intense desires to do evil things, but due to his social status, he chooses to separate his desires into a different being. He wants the freedom to pursue those desires, and to be free from his society’s high standards. London was divided during the Victorian era, mixing the upper class with the lower class. In the lower class of London, they had opium dens, brothels, and bars; something about that life was attractive to Jekyll, he wanted to experience it for himself. He was fascinated by that life, believing that it was freeing. In â€Å"the Anatomy of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† Irving S.Show MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde2792 Words   |  12 Pages The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde In Oscar Wilde’s first novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde strategically uses his main characters Lord Henry Wotton and Basil Hallward to represent good versus evil influences throughout the reading. In the book, Dorian Gray plays the role of the everyman who is in a vicious circle on having to decide between the side of good or evil. Lord Henry is the evil influence and is seen as a more devil-like character while Basil Hallward is the good ChristianityRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1523 Words   |  7 PagesReader Response Entry #6: Chapters 10-11 The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde was not received well by critics when it was published in 1890. This was because it contained themes of homosexuality and was considered scandalous. Now, it is just considered a philosophical novel dealing with morals. I think that this book would very much be viewed as indecent in Wilde’s time. For example, when talking about Dorian’s public image, Wilde writes, â€Å"Society--civilized society, at least--is never veryRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde832 Words   |  3 Pagescharacteristics of self-destructive properties. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde shows how these can lead to a man’s downfall. He displays this through the character of Dorian Gray. The novel explains how as Dorian grows up and through his life, he is ultimately destroyed by his own ego, vanity and inability to change or realize how what he does affects not only him but the lives of those around him. Dorian Gray struggles throughout the novel with the daunting facts that he isRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde1967 Words   |  8 Pages In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde disputes the role and conflicts between Aestheticism and morality. He exposes his contradictions and inner struggles throughout his three main characters: Lord Henry, a nobleman who criticizes the moralism and hypocrisy of Victorian society and openly expresses his Aesthetic thoughts, Dorian Gray, a handsome model influenced by Lord Henry’s views on beauty and morality, and Basil Hallward, an artist captivated by Dorian’s beauty. The novel mainly dealsRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1414 Words   |  6 Pagesto me†¦(â€Å"Fallenoracle†).† This quote from the tv series Quantico does an effective job of expressing what Lord Henry’s influence has done to Dorian Gray throughout the philosophical novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. While some might argue that Dorian s actual nature does not change significantly, an additional perspective is that Dorian Gray is a dynamic char acter that gains negative character traits by becoming vain of his youth, increasingly paranoid of someone learning of his portraitRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde is a philosophical/gothic fiction. Setting: The novel takes place in the peak of the Decadent artistic movement of the 1890s, which occurred in the Victorian era of London and is known for its judgmental social standards, highlighting the contrast between the wealthier, materialistic higher classes and the dull middle-class society, making the novel more audacious. Plot: A famous artist named Basil Hallward completes his first portrait of Dorian Gray: aRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde687 Words   |  3 PagesThesis-In The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, main character, Dorian Gray , in his times of greatest pain chooses to focus only on what is beautiful which leads to his death and shows that beauty obscures reality. Dorian Grays romantic interest, Sibyl kills herself after an altercation with Dorian; he looks at the nature around him to avoid the reality of the suicide that he has caused. Dorian first sees Sibyl when she acts at a rundown and low quality theater. She acts as many charactersRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray : Oscar Wilde2014 Words   |  9 PagesAdrian Balakumar Mr.Sal AP Lit 15 December 2014 The Picture of Dorian Gray - Oscar Wilde 1) In the book, The Picture of Dorian Gray, several characteristics of the world have been presented. The author portrays the world as a den of individuals with a skewed view of the immediate environment. The author depicts the world as a place where physical traits like beauty or handsomeness are important than a person’s virtues. Dorian spends his time studying music and other beautiful things that life hasRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1731 Words   |  7 PagesMy choice for this summer reading assignment was to read The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. This is a philosophical fiction novel meaning it devotes a significant portion of the novel to sort the questions that are addressed in discursive philosophy, that can include: the role in society, the purpose of living, ethnic or morals, experience, etc. Throughout history art has played a huge role in portraying the structure of society and how the people play in it.The novel takes place in theRe ad MoreThe Influences of Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences of Oscar Wilde Throughout his life Oscar Wilde had many strong influences exerted upon him. During his early childhood his mother influenced him and into college some of his professors and certain philosophers left a substantial impression upon him. Into adulthood these influences leaked out in his writing. These influences gave him ample ideas for writing The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wildes study of the Hellenistic ideals of Epicurus, his coddled lifestyle as a child and his devotion

Painting Analysis Yonker Ramp and His Sweetheart by...

Young Man and Woman in an Inn (Yonker Ramp and His SweetheartFrans Hals (Dutch, Antwerp 1582/83-1666 Haarlem)Date: 1623Medium: Oil on canvasDimensions: 41-1/4 by 31-1/4Classification: PaintingsCredit Line: Bequest of Benjamin Altman, 1913Accession Number: 14.40.602Location: Gallery 615, The Metropolitan Museum of ArtRetrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/110001059Young Man and Woman in an Inn (Yonker Ramp and His SweetheartFrans Hals (Dutch, Antwerp 1582/83-1666 Haarlem)Date: 1623Medium: Oil on canvasDimensions: 41-1/4 by 31-1/4Classification: PaintingsCredit Line: Bequest of Benjamin Altman, 1913Accession Number: 14.40.602Location: Gallery 615, The Metropolitan Museum of ArtRetrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/110001059 Young Man and Woman in an Inn (Yonker Ramp and His Sweetheart Frans Hals (Dutch, Antwerp 1582/83-1666 Haarlem) Date: 1623 Medium: Oil on canvas Dimensions: 41-1/4 by 31-1/4 Classification: Paintings Credit Line: Bequest of Benjamin Altman, 1913 Accession Number: 14.40.602 Location: Gallery 615, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/110001059 Young Man and Woman in an Inn (Yonker Ramp and His Sweetheart Frans Hals (Dutch, Antwerp 1582/83-1666 Haarlem) Date: 1623 Medium: Oil on canvas Dimensions: 41-1/4 by 31-1/4 Classification: Paintings Credit Line: Bequest of Benjamin Altman, 1913 Accession

Forced Labor And Human Trafficking - 1474 Words

Forced labor and human trafficking are some of the forms of slavery in the modern day. Although the world has made several strides in ending human trafficking, several factors have played a big role in ensuring that trafficking is still carried on. The ILO describes forced labor as the work and services offered by a person unwillingly; on the other hand human trafficking is the transport and recruitment of people through coercion with the aim of exploiting them. The continual practice of human trafficking is attributed to certain factors such as poverty and greed. According to ILO, the profits generated from forced labor amount to 150 billion dollars. These profits are made from the private sector especially from illegal businesses such as sexual exploitation, domestic work and other economic exploitations (Johnson 4). Poverty is also another factor that has caused the human trafficking business thrive, human trafficking often originate from developing countries such as those in Asia , Africa, Latin America. Their destination, on the other hand, is always to the developed countries in Europe, America, and parts of western Africa. Although human trafficking and forced labor are some of the global challenges, poverty has played a big role in increasing the vice. The desire by the victims to move to areas where they can improve the living standards of their families has played a big role in increased rates of human trafficking. Most traffickers target these victims by promisingShow MoreRelatedSexual Human Trafficking and Forced Labor in Russia848 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Trafficking is the trade of humans for a variety of reasons, the most common of which is forced labor and sexual exploitation. Sexual Human Trafficking is a form of abuse entailing the sexual abuse of a person whereby a person is forced to conduct sexual acts for financial advantage. Unfortunately, it is a continuing issue today in many locations, especially Russia. Between thirty and sixty thousand woman are trafficked under false pretenses each year. Human trafficking in Russia is very muchRead MoreHuman Rights : Human Trafficking, Forced C hild Labor, And The New Year ( 434-41 )856 Words   |  4 Pagesabused. In â€Å"Defending Human Rights: Human Trafficking, Forced Child Labor, and Rape as a Weapon of War, (384-439),†developing countries women are being treated unfairly as well having little say in the government leading to a delay in fixing the issue. Johnson also includes â€Å"Ten Radical Acts for Congo the New Year (434-41).† The stake holders include National Governments, International Advocates, and civil society for they are struggling to balance the controversies about human right without gettingRead MoreHuman Trafficking: The Newest Form os Slavery Essay examples688 Words   |  3 PagesHuman trafficking, the newest form of slavery, had spread across the world, even in Kansas City (UNODC). Human trafficking is a form of forced labor, whether it may be working on farms to working as a prostitute (Kansas City Star). Human trafficking is considered one of the main criminal industries in the w orld (Polaris Project). Also, there are many forms of trafficking. The most common are sex trafficking or forced labor (Polaris Project). In many situations, traffickers are sex trafficking peopleRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Global Problem Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Human Trafficking is defined by Merriam – Websters dictionary , as the organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited as by being forced into prostitution or involuntary labor . Human trafficking is one of the fastest growing trans national organized criminal activities generating an estimated $ 32 billion in annual revenue 2013 ( Wikipedia.)In the sex industry side of human trafficking a single girl can earnRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Dangerous Crime1616 Words   |  7 Pagesof our world’s problems go unnoticed. A problem that seems to go unnoticed that is a worldwide epidemic is human trafficking. Have you heard about human trafficking? Human trafficking is the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Human trafficking is a horrible crime that more people need to be aware about. Human trafficking can be described as being a v ery secretive industry. No one knows what is going on behind the scenes. PeopleRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The New Era Of Slavery947 Words   |  4 PagesTexas Human Trafficking Overview Human trafficking is the new era of slavery! Human trafficking is a horrifying issue happening so close to home and it is increasing by the minute. Many Texas citizens are unaware of human trafficking happening right in their own backyards. Sex trafficking and labor trafficking are to be the most popular types of human trafficking in the United States. In Texas there are many more domestic victims than illegal immigrant victims of Human Trafficking. However, theRead MoreSimilar To Many Successful Enterprises, Terrorist Groups1399 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities to fund their operations. Terrorist groups are being forced to converge with organized crime to integrate local criminal activities in order to fund international terrorism. According to Steven D Alfonso, author of Why Organized Crime and Terror Groups Are Converging, D Alfonso notes that there is â€Å"evidence of Hezbollah establishing a strong base in Latin America over the past decade or more and working with Mexican DT Os [drug-trafficking organizations] to launder money, finance terrorism andRead MoreThe Human Of Human Trafficking Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1865, the practice of it is still very alive today. Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the buying and selling of people, whether it s for forced labor or commercial sex. Every year, thousands of adults and children, especially girls, are forced into the endless trafficking ring. â€Å"The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally† (â€Å"The Facts†). The human trafficking industry is a worldwide network that is worth an estimatedRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1287 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking Human trafficking is the modernized version of slavery that involves force, fraud, and/or a type of labor in a sexual act. The United States government defines it to be â€Å"In which a sex act is forced in which the person induced has not yet been attained eighteen years of age† (National Institute of Justice). Human trafficking is a threat to all nations and promotes breakdown of families and can support organized crime. Trafficking can occur everywhere. Human trafficking and humanRead MoreHuman Trafficking Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking in China Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Situation of Human Trafficking in China 3 Causes 5 Possible Solution 7 Conclusion 8 Bibliography

Substance Abuse And Addictions Among Adolescence - 947 Words

Substance Abuse and Addictions Among Adolescence Substance abuse and addictions among adolescence is a problem among this age group. Adolescents go through major stages in life and are faced with stressful issues that can lead to experimenting with drugs. Experimenting with drugs can lead to for an adolescent to abuse the substance as well becoming addicted. Not only can a adolescent can become addicted to a substance but he or she can have issues with the brain developing properly. Spiritual development can help prevent as well help over come the influences of substance abuse. Influences On Substance Abuse and Addictions During adolescents there are many things that are going on in development with body as well outward influences surrounding them. According to Stevens and Smith, (2013) â€Å"When they enter high school, adolescents again face social, emotional and educational challenges† (p. 288). When adolescents face these types of challenges it can come with a lot of stress and stress can lead to be exposed and pressure into doing certain substances. Sometimes adolescents want to fit in with their friends or experience a thrill by trying drug or other substances that makes them feel cool (Feldman, 2014). They can be exposed to different substances in school, or a family member who uses, or out with friends which consents to their social environment. Depending on the substance can become very addicting after the first time of use or after a few times abusing theShow MoreRelatedDrug Use And The Factors That Influence A Future Drug Addiction1005 Wor ds   |  5 Pagesrisky behaviors such as drug use and the factors that influence a future drug addiction. Adolescence is a time of growth both physically and mentally as well as emotionally. Risky behaviors, such as drug use, are likely to appear during this time. It isn’t until early adulthood that the prefrontal cortex, the area of our brain responsible for logical thought and reasoning, is developed. Many underlying factors of substance abuse are well known, such as family dynamics, genetics and mental illness. StudiesRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers : A Survey1201 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers Hannah is a fifteen year old girl who was recently sent to a rehabilitation center for the result of abuse of prescription medication. 6.1 million high school students currently use addictive substances, and like Hannah, 1 in 3 of them are addicted (â€Å"National Study Reveals,†2011). Although the number of teens using these drugs are decreasing, the numbers are still dangerously high. Due to it’s high risk of addiction, dangerous consequences, and growing availabilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Addiction On Adolescent Development1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Addiction on Adolescent Development Adolescence is a time where adolescents grow and mature at a rapid rate. It is also a time where adolescents are more vulnerable to taking risks, such as using and becoming addicted to illegal substances, due to raging hormones. Whether or not an adolescent chooses to engage in drug use and abuse depends on their home environment and those they choose to associate themselves with. Adolescents are confronted with an enormous amount of pressure toRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Tobacco On The Age Of Addiction981 Words   |  4 Pages We live in an age of addiction. Whether it is fast paced lifestyles and over work, obsession with sports or video games, alcohol abuse, or drug abuse. A person can end up with a drug addiction or alcohol addiction at any age. Younger people face different social pressures surrounding drugs and alcohol. Substance abuse is often related to negative experiences at some point during life. Researchers have found that abuse at any age can influence an indi vidual s choice to turn to drugs or alcohol.Read MoreDrug Addiction : Adolescence And Adulthood2040 Words   |  9 Pages Drug Addiction in Adolescence to Adulthood Name Professor Institution Course Date Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Description of drug abuse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Definition and the causes of drugabuse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.3 Drug regulation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.4 Effects of drugs on humans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.5 General effects of drugs on both adolescence and adults†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Psychological effects of drug abuse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreDrug Abuse And Adolescent Risky Behavior884 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction in Adolescence Introduction All addictions begin with risk taking. So, why is it that adolescents have such an attraction to risky behaviors? According to Broderick (2013), adolescents have a high propensity for sensation seeking (novel experiences) and seem to be willing to put themselves at risk in order to have these novel experiences (p. 392). This essay will attempt to discuss how the brain is developing, being impacted, and, how spiritual development effects adolescent risky behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Adolescents957 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction in Adolescence Every human being is unique, however, at some point in our lives we encounter similar experiences. The majority of all of us will go through the teenage stage and being a teenager is extremely complex and a difficult phase. Teenagers experience physiological, social, emotional and psychological changes. All of these changes are going to be shaped uniquely by the teenager’s unique genetic composition, brain development, environment, cultural background and the community influencesRead MoreAddiction And Substance Abuse Is A Serious Problem Among Teenagers806 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction and substance abuse is a serious problem among teenagers. Teenagers begin abusing drugs because of peer pressure, or abuse in their life. Any type of drugs can be abused including over the counter medications. Since teenager’s brain is still growing any type of substance abuse can cause serious harm. The most abused drug is alcohol. Alcohol has a different effect the brain of teena gers different than that of adults. Children raised in a religious family, with religious friends areRead More Adolescents, Mental Health, and Cigarette Smoking Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesinterested in looking at mental health and its relationship to cigarette smoking. By searching the Internet, I found myself being drawn into the discourse surrounding cigarette smoking, mental health and adolescents/adolescence. By seeing nicotine as addictive, and therefore an abuseable substance, and understanding the neurological effects nicotine has on the brain, we can see how cigarette smoking is connected to mental health. In adolescents the effect is even more pronounced because their relationshipsRead MoreWho Gets Addicted And How?1174 Words   |  5 Pagesphysician specializes in addiction. Mate is describing that most of his patients are addicted to cocaine, alcohol, and heroin(Mate 320).This means that most of the people in Downtown Eastside are addicts to illegal substances suc h as Cocaine, Heroine etc. Addict is someone who cannot survive without particular substance such as Tea, Coffee, Alcohol etc. Living without these kinds of substances is very difficult for an addict person, that he/she gets addicted for a lifetime. Addiction can be caused by

Question Free Essays

In an essay I read titled â€Å"To What End Military Power?† by Robert J. Art he looks at how and when force should be used. He suggests that there are four purposes of using forces: defensive, deterrent, compellent, and swaggering. We will write a custom essay sample on Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now Considering their usefulness today. What do you think Art means by his final quote that `The best way to keep the peace is first to prepare for war`? Military power or military assistance is not relevant to America’s policy. Rather military action is secondary even third to military assistance policy. This is due to internal administrative problems such as demilitarization or the commercialization of the military, political subversion, and not direct military attack is not in the official agenda of American military after its experience during Korean War. Globalization, in turn, opens up the door for the American to become vulnerable toward attacks from the global nations. Hence, our defense must be powerful. America is being put into a containment policy and is elevated to its commitment to defend other countries. It is compelling the military use in foreign policy. This policy increases the defense budget because it requires, besides military or defense equipment and accessories, administrative strategic and alliances in the forms of military commitments and military intervention. Question#2 (145 words) What is redundancy and why is it necessary when looking at transformation of the military. Redundancy is to simulate the military administrative structure and functional concepts which was established early in the previous American warfare but with some modification. Some of the redundancies, with a transformation strategy, may include forcible entry of mounted forces, establishment and enhancement of battle command, enhancement of soldiers, platforms, and forces protection capabilities, enhancement of theatre support capabilities, deployment and support infrastructure. In addition, the key functional concepts of the military are the creation of modularity, tailored and multifunction forces that can be rapidly deployed; increasing special operation forces; enhancing explosive ordinance disposal capabilities; enhancing security and protection capabilities; enhancing comprehensive medical diagnostic, prevention and treatment capabilities to the soldiers; increasing effort of counter-terrorism; and deploying support infrastructure as just-in-time soldiers inventory. As part of joint functional concepts, the redundancies require inter-dependencies in terms such as joint battle command, joint fires and effects, joint air and missile defense, joint force projection, and joint containment. How to cite Question, Essay examples Question Free Essays A SAMPLE OF PREVIOUS MANAGING MARKETS EXAM QUESTIONS 1. â€Å"Marketing is just about putting the gloss on the products we provide† Discuss with reference to marketing orientation and the marketing concept. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now You have been asked by the Chief Executive of Frozen Food Manufacturer, Birds Eye, to produce a marketing plan: 2a. Analyse and evaluate macro-environmental factors affecting the plan 2b. Analyse and evaluate customer and competitor issues affecting the plan a. Indicate some possible ways of segmenting the market for mobile phones. Discuss how each approach can be used for marketing decision making 3b. If you were a new player in the mobile phone market how would you go about positioning yourself in the market? 4. You are a market research agency who has been approached by a company who is considering entering the market for MP3 players. Produce a research plan that will help their decision making. 5. How would the marketing mix for a Swatch watch compare with that for a Rolex Watch? 6. Discuss fully which, if any, element of the marketing mix is the most important in the successful marketing for family cars. Fully justify your arguments and conclusions and illustrate your arguments with examples. 7. Discuss fully, giving justification for your arguments, which distribution policies – intensive, selective, or exclusive – would be most suitable for the following products. ) luxury executive cars, b) Levi jeans, c) handmade ladies and gents’ knitwear, d) Omega wristwatches, e) flavoured yoghurt, f) mature farmhouse cheese. 8. A mobile phone company has approached you as marketing consultant to help it increase sales to the youth market. The company has asked you to put forward a promotional strategy. 8a. How you develop the promotional strategy? 8b. What would you consider to be the most important elements of the promotional mix for this target audience? How to cite Question, Papers

The Boy Without Penis free essay sample

In 1966, a botched electrical  circumcision left David Reimer (then named Bruce) without a penis. A malfunction in the doctor’s equipment (electro-cautery needle) caused the needle to burn Reimer’s penis from tip to base. The Reimer’s were left with a dilemma: a son with no penis. They visited several medical experts who assured them that penile reconstruction would prove worthless. The Reimer’s were devastated and did not know how to help David. One afternoon when the Reimer’s saw Dr. John Money, a so-called expert in sex reassignment, on television they contacted him and brought their son to see him. It would prove to be a tragic decision. Money persuaded the Reimer’s to reassign their son  as a  female by having his testes removed and naming him Brenda. Dr. Money assured the initially reluctant parents that after the operation was complete raising him as a girl would be successful and no one would be any the wiser. The Reimer’s trusting in the doctor agreed so their child may have a normal life. Money  met with  Ã¢â‚¬ Brenda† once a year throughout the following years to report on her progress. In spite of growing evidence that Brenda was not adjusting well to her gender reassignment, Money published papers to the contrary. In psychiatric circles to protect Reimer’s identity  Money referred to â€Å"Brenda† as John/Joan. Money’s experiment became well-known in psychiatric communities worldwide and partly as a result of Money’s publications,  a number of infants   born with ambiguous genitalia  underwent gender reassignment. However many psychologists were unconvinced about the John/Joan experiment. One of these was academic sexologist Milton Diamond, who, in a bold move against Money reported to the psychiatric community that Reimer never identified as female, and that he began living as a male from the age of 15. Sexual reassignment in the Reimer case is not a gender identity disorder. He was born male  unlike than intersex  (hermaphrodite) individuals. Intersex is a term that usually defines  discordance of the biological aspects of sexual gender. Traits related to the genitalia, such as internal organs, gonadal tissue, or chromosomes that are more typical of the other sex, or incompletely differentiated  define the intersex individual. Sub-types of hermaphroditism include: 1. Pseudohermaphroditism Typically a female   has a clitoris that is greatly enlarged to the point that they  are categorized as intersexed. These people are identified immediately at birth as intersex  because those with the condition have a sexual organ larger than a clitoris and smaller than a penis 2. Simultaneous hermaphrodite (intersex)  A simultaneous   hermaphrodite (homogamy) is a person that has both male and female sexual organs. This definition tends to be misleading since there have been very few human beings with fully developed male and female internal and external genitalia and female breasts. Normally one genitalia is more prominent than the other. Some people who are intersex individuals, such as those with Klinefelter’s syndrome and androgen insensitivity syndrome, appear completely female or male without realizing they are intersexed. An intersex person may express diversion from typical XX-female or XY-male chromosomes, for example a sex reversal of XY-female and XX-male. Sometimes an intersex person who is born with partially formed dual genitalia prefers one gender over the other. Sometimes they don’t. Their commonality with David Reimer is that the assignment of their gender should be their own choice rather than that of the medical community. One of the most difficult  experiences Reimer faced due to his increasingly  unusual looks and behaviours  was rejection from his peers. He became a pariah during his elementary school years. From as early as kindergarten, he was a target for bullying by both male and female. â€Å"As [I’d ]walk by, they’d start giggling. Not one, but almost the whole class. It’d be like that every day. The whole school would make fun of  [me] about one thing or another. † In his early teens  Reimer attended a technical high school. Right away his peers dubbed him  Cave-woman and told him, â€Å"You’re a boy. † But it was his habit of urinating standing up that caused the greatest  problem between  Reimer and  his schoolmates. The girls  prevented him from using their bathroom. When he tried to use the boys’ room  he was threatened with a knife. By December, he dropped out of school. with struggling against emotional uncertainty about his life and his innate attraction to females, Reimer made no friends and  was  forcibly a  loner. During puberty Reimer’s erroneous belief that he was a lesbian added to his emotional angst. The David Reimer case  also serves to  reinforce the  scientific  hypothesis  that sexual orientation is not one of choice. Sexual  orientation is innate, not solely a result of environmental influences although the latter may have some bearing. Watch video Science amp; Homosexuality: Nature vs Nurture No single cause for sexual orientation is conclusively proven. Researchers suggest that a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, along with biological factors, genetics and the early uterine environment bear significant influence on sexual orientation. I tend to favour the physio-neurological theory myself. I didn’t choose to be straight. I just am. Watch video Gay Twins and the Science of Epigenetics. We both wanted to play with guys, build forts and have snowball fights and play army. † Reimer finally reached a point where he told his parents if he had to visit his psychologist Dr. Money anymore he would kill himself. It was then that his parents chose to tell him the truth about his gender. Surprisingly, Reimer took the news well. It answered a lot of difficult questions and he began to live his life as a male. He did not use his birth name of Bruce. He chose David. Throughout his teens Reimer seemed well-adjusted and was much happier than he’d been as Brenda. Eventually Reimer met a woman named Jane Fontaine, a single mother. They married and Reimer became both a husband and father. It was during this  well-adjusted time in his life that  Reimer discovered Dr. Money was still claiming that  Reimer’s sex reassignment was highly successful. Money   encouraged the medical and psychiatric communities to conduct the same procedures on children with genital deformities or ambiguous genitalia. Most likely it was due to two factors that Reimer chose to  go public with his personal experience in an effort to contradict Money’s publications: he was  secure within  his marriage to  a supportive spouse and he was determined to expose Money as a fraud. Reimer took part in public television and magazine interviews. When released to the public Reimer’s story loosed an unexpected reaction. Intersex people  born and reassigned after the publication of Money’s false protocols came forward with their stories. Among them was a  San Francisco activist named Cheryl Chase/Brian Sullivan. When she was born Chase displayed ambiguous genitalia with a phallic structure of a size that, if she was female, could be an enlarged clitoris or if she was male, a micropenis. Her doctors assigned Chase as a boy and her parents named her Charlie. But 18 months  later, her parents consulted another team of experts. Based partly on the fact that Chase had a fairly normal vagina, this team of doctors reassigned her as a girl. They amputated her phallus and her parents named her Cheryl. After the operation Cheryl refused to speak for 6 months. In 1995 Chase changed her name again to Bonnie Sullivan. In her mid-30? s Cheryl experienced a mental breakdown due to the reassignment of her gender. Chase advocates a complex  perspective of intersexuality, namely that gender difficulties cannot be eliminated by early genital surgery. ears after Reimer’s public appearances, John Colapinto conducted a telephone  interview with  John Money, who refused to meet in person. His response to Calopinto`s  observation that scientists and psychologists have disproven his book Man amp; Woman, Boy amp; Girl wherein he discussed the John-Joan experiment was,  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It’s part of the antifeminist movement. They say masculinity and femininity are built into the genes, so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen. †Ã‚  Money stood by his original  summary of the Reimer case and dismissed  Colapinto’s suggestion that he  Ã¢â‚¬Å"misperceived†Ã‚  Reimer’s psychological condition. Colapinto reiterated that significant scientific evidence leaned towards the hypothesis that gender assignment was not as simple as reassigning gender, and asked Money if he was considering making some alternations to  Man  amp; Woman, Boy  amp; Girl to which Money  replied flatly, â€Å"I’ll be dead by then. Suitably, an ambiguous answer from a man  who  spent  most of his career misleading parents and children about ambiguous genitalia. As with many family traumas Reimer’s sex reassignment deeply effected his whole family. â€Å"My parents feel very guilty, as if the whole thing was their fault,†Ã‚  Reimer told Colapinto. â€Å"But i t wasn’t like that. They did what they did out of kindness, and love and desperation. When you’re desperate, you don’t necessarily do all the right things. † Reimer could not possibly have forseen the effect his public appearances would have on his brother Brian. Unable to accept Reimer’s  openly candid  description of his life, and still unable to accept that what was once his sister was now his  brother, Brian  committed suicide by drug overdose. fter Brian’s  suicide Reimer experienced a series of unfortunate developments:his marriage disintegrated; he found himself unable to maintain stable employment; he experienced financial difficulty after making a poor investment;  his anger at Dr. Money and the medical doctor responsible for his gender reassignment intensified;  and his depression returned to haunt him. In May 2004 at the age of 38 Reimer committed suicide with a shotgun.

Speech on Dr. B.R. Ambedkar free essay sample

Ambedkar was born in the British-founded town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh). He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Bhimabai. His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambavade in the Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. They belonged to the Hindu, Mahar caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to intense socio-economic discrimination. Belonging to the Kabir Panth, Ramji Sakpal encouraged his children to read the Hindu classics. He used his position in the army to lobby for his children to study at the government school, as they faced resistance owing to their caste. Although able to attend school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given no attention or assistance by the teachers. Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to  Satara  two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkars mother died. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech on Dr. B.R. Ambedkar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar succeeded in passing his examinations and graduating to a higher school. Ambedkar remarried in 1898, and the family moved to Mumbai (then Bombay), where Ambedkar became the first untouchable student at the Government High School near Elphinstone Road. [7. In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and entered the University of Bombay, becoming one of the first persons of untouchable origin to enter a college in India. This success provoked celebrations in his community, and after a public ceremony he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by his teacher Krishnaji Arjun Keluskar also known as Dada Keluskar, a Maratha caste scholar. Ambedkars marriage had been arranged the previous year as per Hindu custom, to Ramabai, a nine-year old girl from Dapoli. [7] In 1908, he entered Elphinstone College and obtained a scholarship of twenty five rupees a month from the Gayakwad ruler of Baroda, Sahyaji Rao III. By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife gave birth to his first son, Yashwant, in the same year. Ambedkar had just moved his young family and started work, when he dashed back to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on February 2, 1913. In 1922 through unremitting hard work, Ambedkar once again overfulfilled all expectations:. While practicing law in the Bombay High Court he ran head long in to uplift the untouchable to educate them. . By 1927 Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against untouchability. Upon Indias independence on August 15, 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nations first law minister, which he accepted. On August 29, Ambedkar was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the Assembly to write free Indias new Constitution. Ambedkar won great praise from his colleagues and contemporary observers for his drafting work. Ambedkar studied Buddhism all his life, and around 1950s, he planned to make a formal conversion back to Buddhism and this work was done by a priest named Chintamani. He was bed-ridden owing to clinical depression and failing eyesight. [11]  . His health worsened as he furiously worked through 1955. Just three days after completing his final manuscript  The Buddha and His Dhamma, it is said that Ambedkar died in his sleep on December 6, 1956 at his home in Delhi. On the anniversary of his birth (14 April) and death (6 December) and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din, 14th Oct at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai. Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was Educate!!! , Agitate!!! , Organize!!! .

Lake Essays - Flavored Fortified Wines, Fortified Wine, Pejoratives

ts. They drink ?gin and grape juice, Tango, Thunderbird, and Bali Hai, [sniff] glue, and ether and what somebody [claims] [is] cocaine.?(112) What starts out as a harmless prank on the third night of their summer vacation turns into a situation where they get into a fight, attempt to rape a girl, find a dead body and see first hand the destruction a bad character can do to an automobile. The night they lose their ?badness? is nothing special. After the requisite bad character activities: egging mailboxes and hitchhikers, driving up and down Main Street, eating, drinking, and smoking pot. They decide to go up to the local hangout, *u*Greasy Lake*/u*, to see if anything is going on. They cruise up to the lake with their ?lemon-flavored gin,? requisite pot and the itch for some action. There is no better place, for these three bad characters to hang out - *u*Greasy Lake*/u*, is an important place for bad characters to learn an important lesson. The lake, like the events about to unfold, is ?fetid and murky?mud banks glistened with broken glass [,] strewn with beer cans and the charred remains of bonfires.? (112) There are only two vehicles in the whole parking lot, ?the exoskeleton of some gaunt chrome insect, a chopper leaned against its kickstand.? (113) And a, ?57 Chevy, mint, metallic blue.? (113) No excitement, ?expect some junkie halfwit biker and a car freak pumping his girlfriend.? Whatever they are looking for they are not going to find it up at the lake. All of a sudden, they see a friend?s car. This is all the three need to know; now things will get interesting, maybe it is not a wasted trip after all. They flash the headlights and honk the horn, a harmless prank to pull on a friend, ?for all we [know] we might even catch a glimpse of some little fox?s tit. And then we [could] slap backs with red-faced Tony, roughhouse a little, and go on to new heights of adventure and daring.? (113) In their haste for a little excitement and adventure, they fail to re alize it is not Tony?s car after all, but someone else?s car. This is the second mistake. The first is dropping the car keys in the grass. The owner of the car, a greasy booted character, does not find this childish prank funny. He comes out of the car, with fists flying, feet kicking. He is not about to let these guys get away with this so-called harmless prank. This guy is bad; he takes on all three of the friends, and thoroughly beats them up. Even after this, they still think they are bad. ?[He] [goes] for the tire iron under the car seat.? (114) The narrator still holds onto the idea he is bad, ?[He] [keeps] it there because bad characters always keep tire irons under the driver?s seat, for just such an occasion as this.? (114) Everything the narrator thinks is associated with the image of being bad. The reality is this guy has used the tire iron, not for other fights, but to change a flat tire. As for fighting, this bad character has been in only one other fight in his life ?i n the 6th grade, when a kid with a sleepy eye and two streams of mucous [descending] from his nostrils hit me in the knee with a Louisville slugger.? (114) The situation is taking on a life of it's own, a situation the narrator cannot stop.?[The] antagonist [is] shirtless? he [bends] forward to peel Jeff from his back like a wet over coat?Mother*censored*er, he [spits] over and over, and [the narrator] is aware in that instant that all four [of them] ? Digby, Jeff and [the narrator] included ? [are] chanting mother*censored*er, mother*censored*er as if it were a battle cry.? (114) The adrenaline is pumping, hearts racing; the smell of fear is in the air. They are actors in a play watching from the stage, they are bad. In the heat of the moment; ?[I] [go] at him like a kamikaze, mindless, raging, stung with humiliation ? the whole thing, from the initial boot in the shin to this murderous primal instinct.?

Cunto es posible sacar la green card sin patrocinador

Cunto es posible sacar la green card sin patrocinador    Esto es una excepcià ³n ya que, en general, para conseguir visas de trabajo o la green card se necesita que un ciudadano americano, un residente permanente legal o una empresa americana patrocinen a un extranjero. Pero hay algunas excepciones como la de la EB-5 para inversionistas o, menos conocido pero ampliamente utilizado, del la EB-2 NIW. Quà © es la EB-2 NIW Es un camino hacia la green card sin patrocinador. En otras palabras, los interesados pueden aplicar por sà ­ mismos y no necesitan ni tener un familiar en Estados Unidos ni una oferta de trabajo. NIW significa National Interest Waiver, es decir, esta es una visa EB-2 con ciertas particularidades y en la que se conceden determinados privilegios por razà ³n del interà ©s nacional. Quà © profesionales o empresarios pueden aplicar para la green card sin patrocinador Las personas con estudios de postgraduado, como maestrà ­as o doctorados. O que sean licenciados y puedan demostrar experiencia laboral en su campo de especializacià ³n por un mà ­nimo de cinco aà ±os. Es importantà ­simo que los estudios sean necesarios para desempeà ±ar su ocupacià ³n. Por ejemplo: profesores de escuelas de primaria o secundaria o de universidad, mà ©dicos, cirujanos, abogados, ingenieros, arquitectos, etc. Los extranjeros que puedan demostrar que son profesionales excepcionales, superiores a la media en las Ciencias o en las Artes.Los empresarios excepcionales. En los dos à ºltimos casos el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a  (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) pide que se cumpla adems con tres de los requisitos siguientes: Diploma o certificado de una universidad o de una institucià ³n relativos con el campo en el que son excepcionales.Las titulaciones extranjeras debern homologarse. Cartas en las que se documente experiencia laboral por un mà ­nimo de diez aà ±os en el rea de especializacià ³n.Membresà ­a en asociaciones profesionales.Licencia para trabajar en esa profesià ³n.Prueba de los salarios recibidos, incluyendo pagos en especie. Deben mostrar el carcter excepcional de la labor realizada. Reconocimiento por parte de colegas, instituciones pà ºblicas, empresariales o profesionales de los logros profesionales o de aportaciones al campo de especializacià ³n.Se admitir cualquier otra prueba semejante que sirva de evidencia de la excepcionalidad profesional. Quà © es el interà ©s nacional en el contexto de la EB-2 NIW Debe entender como de interà ©s nacional las actividades que benefician a la economà ­a de Estados Unidos o a sus intereses culturales o educativos, o al bienestar general del paà ­s. El USCIS debe juzgar que efectivamente las aportaciones laborales que puede hacer el extranjero son substancialmente mayores que las que podrà ­a ofrecer un trabajador americano con las calificaciones mà ­nimas para desempeà ±ar ese trabajo. En el caso de los empresarios, el USCIS ha aclarado que la creacià ³n de empleo y el crecimiento econà ³mico – directo o indirecto- podrà ­an llegar a calificarse como que cumple la exigencia de interà ©s nacional. Quà © pasa si no se cumple con el requisito de interà ©s nacional No podrn auto patrocinarse para una green card. Sin embargo todavà ­a ser posible conseguir una siempre que: Se tenga una oferta de trabajo en la mano. Para conseguirlo hay que buscar trabajo (en inglà ©s)Una empresa o institucià ³n americana està © dispuesta a patrocinar una EB-2 simple. Es la parte patrocinadora quien debe empezar todo el trmite con la forma I-140.Se obtenga una certificacià ³n del Departamento de Trabajo, la forma a rellenar para obtenerla es la ETA-750. Familiares de personas que aplican por una EB-2 NIW La mujer o el marido y los hijos menores de 18 aà ±os podrn obtener una green card (visas E-21 y E-22). Trmites para conseguir la EB-2 NIW Solicitante en Estados Unidos Presentar ante la oficina del USCIS que corresponda la forma I-140 para que apruebe la peticià ³n de la green card y, al mismo tiempo, enviar debidamente cumplimentado el formulario I-485 para el ajuste de estatus. En la actualidad, la resolucià ³n sobre la aprobacià ³n de la peticià ³n suele tardar una media de cuatro meses. El ajuste de estatus, y con à ©l la tarjeta de residencia, se puede demorar entre seis meses y un aà ±o. Mientras se espera es posible solicitar un permiso de trabajo para el beneficiario y para su cà ³nyuge. Hay que destacar que las personas en situacià ³n de ilegalidad migratoria no pueden ajustar su estatus por esta causa. Solicitante fuera de Estados Unidos El proceso se inicia de igual manera: enviando al USCIS la forma I-140. Adems habr que enviar el formulario DS-230 para que una vez que se apruebe la solicitud los papeles (unos cuatro meses) estos se envà ­en a la oficina consular en el extranjero donde se tramitarn las green card para el solicitante y su familia. En casos de paà ­ses con un nà ºmero elevado de inmigrantes en Estados Unidos, como por ejemplo China o India Filipinas, o Mà ©xico, es posible que haya que esperar incluso aà ±os antes de poder completar todo el proceso. Ello se debe a que hay un là ­mite global anual de residencias que se pueden conceder por este motivo y un mximo de green cards de este tipo que se conceden por paà ­s. Para tener una estimacià ³n ms clara de cunto hay que esperar en el extranjero por la tarjeta de residencia una vez que se tiene la aprobacià ³n del USCIS lo mejor es consultar el Boletà ­n de Visas del Departamento de Estado.  (En ese enlace puedes ver hacia el final los tiempos de espera que aplican para este caso). Problemas, opciones y cosas que conviene saber Es posible que el USCIS no apruebe la solicitud de green card por cualquiera de estas causas que convierten a una persona en inadmisible en Estados Unidos. Las personas con habilidades excepcionales que no cumplen los requisitos para obtener una green card mediante patrocinio (EB-2) o sin patrocinio (EB-2 NIW) todavà ­a tienen opcià ³n para conseguir un visado. La visa O es la que aplica para estos casos. En el caso de emprendedores,  estas son 8 opciones de visa para crear una empresa en Estados Unidos. Adems, todas las personas que estn considerando la posibilidad de emigrar a los Estados Unidos pueden ahorrarse muchas sorpresas y problemas si se familiarizan e informan cuanto antes sobre aspectos migratorios y legales del paà ­s. Finalmente, se recomienda tomar este  trivial o test- para asegurar saber  cà ³mo conseguir la tarjeta de residencia  y cà ³mo conservarla. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Sexuality and violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sexuality and violence - Essay Example A perfect example took place in 1931 with the Scottsboro Boys case (Pratt, 2010): two police runaway women, Bates, a minor and Prince, an adult, claimed to have been raped by black Americans after a fight between two gangs; blacks and whites after they were discovered to be wearing men’s attire by officials. A crowd was waiting at the train terminus in Alabama to lynch the nine black men arrested of the rape act but the National Guard Forces prevented it. Nevertheless, they were tried by a white jury and found guilty labeling the crime as the most heinous against whites. A second example is the Central Park Jogger case where the victim, Trisha Meili was raped and beaten severely leaving her in a coma and without memory of what happened. Police assumed that the crime was committed by several Latinos and black Americans. Consequently, an arrest of five men followed and all were imprisoned. In 2003, Matias Reyes, one of the five convicts confessed to have committed the crime alone and despite a match in DNA evidence collected, the initial prosecutor verbally opposed cancelling of the initial convictions. Furthermore, a panel of police from New York City Police Department claimed that the initial number of suspects (five) was guilty. ii. The accused are assumed to be guilty (Davis, 1981). For instance, Prince claimed to have been raped by twelve black men and instead of police looking for the twelve men specifically, all black Americans on the train were taken captive. Similarly, Meili’s case saw Matias confess of being guilty yet the other four convicts were not voided and still assumed guilty. In both cases, the victims were imprisoned despite the court failing to find sufficient evidence. From the non-white point of view, the harsh decisions made against the four men in the Meili’s case led them to believe that any sexual activity against a white woman will be considered the most heinous of

Four Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Four Questions - Assignment Example In much of the considerations and analysis of the international system, experts would always make reference to World War I, World War II and the cold war. Occurrences that resulted in these three wars can be used to explain the basis of international world order and the establishment of the international system. O’rourke & Williamson, (2004) gives a broader look at the History of Diplomacy inn their work When did globalization begin? In submissions made in this piece, the authors assert that three great wars a reflection of how the international system considered a state-centric. The treaties signed and alliances formed during the three great wars were attempts by nations of the world in taking control of world affairs. In the history of diplomacy and international relations, states have remained to be a key force in determination of world politics. Just before the First World War, the concept of realism was borne, bringing to the fore an objective and critical analysis on the need for world order. In this respect, the international system was analyzed on the basis of both collective interests and the interests of certain states. Realists are of the opinion that state actors in the international world system can be identified on the basis of sovereignty, recognition of statehood, and the control of territory and population. From this perspective, countries cannot be ignored when defining the international system. From a realist perspective, the international system is a product of various historical occurrences, most on which took place in the twentieth century. The First World War was a major factor that brought out the need for a global or international-based system. As many countries in the European continue began fighting for colonies during the imperial era in Europe, conflic5ts between and amongst these countries emerged. Most of the countries started looking beyond national influence to influence within a wider geographical area. The consequence o f such rivalry was the development of the First World War. The development of two groups, the Central Powers and the Allies, during the war was pegged on superiority fight between nations that believed they could command or have great influence in world affairs. The end of the First World War was major milestone in the development of the international system as the allies went forth to instill heavy punishment to the Central Powers, led by Germany. The effects of the war were so serious that the League of Nations was formed so as to help avert such magnitude of conflict and war. The Second World War had also its share on development of the state centric International system. After the League of Nations failed, World War I was inevitable. The United States, Britain and France as the winners of World War II played a bigger role than other nations in the preparation of background for the formation of the modern day United Nations. By the United Nations and Russia awarding their selves with veto power in the world body, they had an edge over other countries. The state-centric nature of the world’s system would not be stopped here as even after the formation of the United Nations, the United States and the Soviet Union would still engage in supremacy tactics that is famously regarded as the cold war. Today, the United States remains to be the single most super power after the collapse of the USSR Richardson (2006) asserts that the United States

An operational amplifier

An operational amplifier Introduction: Anoperational amplifier, which is often called anop-amp, is aDC-coupledhigh-gainelectronic voltageamplifierwith a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically millions of times larger than the voltagedifferencebetween its input terminals. Typically uses of the operational amplifier are to provide voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity), oscillators, filter circuits, and many types of instrumentation circuits. An op-amp contains a number of differential amplifier stages to achieve a very high voltage gain. Typically the op-amps very large gain is controlled bynegative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain in amplifier applications, or thetransfer functionrequired. Without negative feedback, and possibly withpositive feedbackforregeneration, an op-amp essentially acts as acomparator. High inputimpedanceat the input terminals and low output impedance at the output terminals (ideally zero) are important typical characteristics. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps sometimes come in the form of macroscopic components, or asintegrated circuitcells; patterns that can be reprinted several times on one chip as part of a more complex device. The op-amp is one type ofdifferential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include thefully differential amplifier(similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), theinstrumentation amplifier(usually built from three op-amps), theisolation amplifier(similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), andnegative feedback amplifier(usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network). An Amplifier is made of: A Gain Block (ideally possessing infinite gain) Feedback A Network that sets the amount of feedback (e.g. resistors) The circuit symbol for an op-amp is shown to the right, where: The power supply pins (V_{text{S}!+}andV_{text{S}!-}) can be labelled in different ways). Despite different labelling, the function remains the same to provide additional power for amplification of signal. Often these pins are left out of the diagram for clarity, and the power configuration is described or assumed from the circuit. Op amps are versatile ICs that can perform a variety of mathematical functions. For this reason, they are the building blocks of many signal processing circuits. They have almost infinite gain, high input impedance, and low output impedance. Because of this, there is no current drawn at either input, and the voltage at both inputs must be equal (they are often drawn with a short connecting them) Op amps have two inputs, an inverting (-) and non inverting (+). A positive voltage source and negative voltage source or ground are connected directly to the op amp, although these are rarely shown on circuit diagrams. There is a single output, which is almost always connected to the inverting input with a feedback loop. Ideal Op Amps: There are three rules for analyzing op amp circuits. In addition to KVL and KCL, any op amp circuit should be solvable with these rules. Infinite input impedance. No current is drawn so: Infinite gain. This means that the input voltages must be equal. Zero output impedance. This means that output voltage does not depend on the output current. Real Op Amps: Ideal op amps are modelled with infinite gain and infinite impedance. While real op amps have high gain and low impedance, they are not infinite. This limiting factor can affect the performance of the circuit, so it should be considered. Another limitation of real op amps is voltage gain. Instead of being infinite, the maximum output voltage is about 1.4 V lower than the supply voltage (this is due to diode drops in the op amp). Ideal behaviour is not an accurate modelling technique when square waves are used. For this type of input, the voltage changes infinitely fast as it jumps from the high to the low parts of the wave. Op amps cant change instantaneously, there is a slight slope produced in the output. This can be measured by the slew rate (with is the change in voltage over the change in time). Rise time is another parameter used to calculate how quickly an op amp can adjust. The amount of time it takes the voltage to change from 10% to 90% of the desired value is the rise time. For application with square wave input, these two factors can affect the response of your circuit. Connecting an Op Amp: Op amps with Dual in Line Packages should be connected to a breadboard as shown here. The notch is at the top of the op-amp, with pins counted counter clockwise from the upper left corner. Operation: The amplifiers differential inputs consist of V_{!+}input and aV_{!-}input, and ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called thedifferential input voltage. The output voltage of the op-amp is given by the equation, WhereV_{!+}the voltage at the non-inverting terminal is,V_{!-}is the voltage at the inverting terminal andGopen-loopis theopen-loopgain of the amplifier. (The term open-loop refers to the absence of a feedback loop from the output to the input.) Op-amp with inverting input grounded through a resistor; input at the non-inverting input, and no feedback With no negative feedback, the op-amp acts as a switch. The inverting input is held at ground (0 V) by the resistor, so if the Vinapplied to the non-inverting input is positive, the output will be maximum positive, and if Vinis negative, the output will be maximum negative. Since there is no feedback from the output to either input, this is anopen loopcircuit. The circuits gain is just the Gopen-loopof the op-amp. Standard two-resistor non-inverting amplifier circuit The magnitude ofGopen-loopis typically very large-seldom less than a million-and therefore even a quite small difference betweenV_{!+}andV_{!-}(a few microvolts or less) will result in amplifier saturation, where the output voltage goes to either the extreme maximum or minimum end of its range, which is set approximately by the power supply voltages.Finleys lawstates that When the inverting and non-inverting inputs of an op-amp are not equal, its output is in saturation. Additionally, the precise magnitude ofGopen-loopis not well controlled by the manufacturing process, and so it is impractical to use an operational amplifier as a stand-alonedifferential amplifier. If linear operation is desired,negative feedbackmust be used, usually achieved by applying a portion of the output voltage to the inverting input. The feedback enables the output of the amplifier to keep the inputs at or near the same voltage so that saturation does not occur. Another benefit is that if much negative feedb ack is used, the circuits overall gain and other parameters become determined more by the feedback network than by the op-amp itself. If the feedback network is made of components with relatively constant, predictable, values such as resistors, capacitors and inductors, the unpredictability and inconstancy of the op-amps parameters (typical of semiconductor devices) do not seriously affect the circuits performance. If no negative feedback is used, the op-amp functions as a switch or comparator. Positive feedback may be used to introducehysteresisor oscillation. Returning to a consideration of linear (negative feedback) operation, the high open-loop gain and low input leakage current of the op-amp imply two golden rules that are highly useful in analysing linear op-amp circuits. Golden rules of op-amp negative feedback Ifthere is negative feedback andifthe output is not saturated, both inputs are at the same voltage; no current flows in or out of either input. These rules are true of the ideal op-amp and for practical purposes are true of real op-amps unless very high-speed or high-precision performance is being contemplated (in which case account must be taken of things such as input capacitance, input bias currents and voltages, finite speed, and otherop-amp imperfections, discussed in a later section.) As a consequence of the first rule, theinput impedanceof the two inputs will be nearly infinite. That is, even if the open-loop impedance between the two inputs is low, the closed-loop input impedance will be high because the inputs will be held at nearly the same voltage. This impedance is considered as infinite for an ideal opamp and is about onemegaohmin practice. Ideal and real op-amps: An equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier that models some resistive non-ideal parameters. An ideal op-amp is usually considered to have the following properties, and they are considered to hold for all input voltages: Infiniteopen-loop gain(when doing theoretical analysis, alimitmay be taken as open loop gainGgoes to infinity) Infinite voltage range available at the output (vout) (in practice the voltages available from the output are limited by the supply voltagesV_{text{S}!+}andV_{text{S}!-}) Infinitebandwidth(i.e., the frequency magnitude response is considered to be flat everywhere with zerophase shift). Infiniteinput impedance(so, in the diagram,R_{text{in}} = infty, and zero current flows fromv_{!+}tov_{!-}) Zero input current (i.e., there is assumed to be noleakageorbiascurrent into the device) Zeroinput offset voltage(i.e., when the input terminals are shorted so thatv_{!+}=v_{!-}, the output is avirtual groundor vout= 0). Infiniteslew rate(i.e., the rate of change of the output voltage is unbounded) and power bandwidth (full output voltage and current available at all frequencies). Zerooutput impedance(i.e.,Rout= 0, so that output voltage does not vary with output current) Zeronoise InfiniteCommon-mode rejection ratio(CMRR) InfinitePower supply rejection ratiofor both power supply rails. In practice, none of these ideals can be realized, and various shortcomings and compromises have to be accepted. Depending on the parameters of interest, a real op-amp may be modelled to take account of some of the non-infinite or non-zero parameters using equivalent resistors and capacitors in the op-amp model. The designer can then include the effects of these undesirable, but real, effects into the overall performance of the final circuit. Some parameters may turn out to havenegligibleeffect on the final design while others represent actual limitations of the final performance that must be evaluated. History: 1941: First (vacuum tube) op-amp An op-amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedbackamplifier, is first found in US Patent 2,401,779 Summing Amplifier filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell labs in 1941. This design used threevacuum tubesto achieve a gain of 90dB and operated on voltage rails of  ±350V. It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in todays op-amps. ThroughoutWorld War II, Swartzels design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9artillery directordesigned at Bell Labs. This artillery director worked with the SCR584radarsystem to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that would not have been possible otherwise. 1947: First op-amp with an explicit non-inverting input In 1947, the operational amplifier was first formally defined and named in a paper by Professor John R. Ragazzini of Columbia University. In this same paper a footnote mentioned an op-amp design by a student that would turn out to be quite significant. This op-amp, designed by Loebe Julie, was superior in a variety of ways. It had two major innovations. Its input stage used a long-tailedtriode pair with loads matched to reducedriftin the output and, far more importantly, it was the first op-amp design to have two inputs (one inverting, the other non-inverting). The differential input made a whole range of new functionality possible, but it would not be used for a long time due to the rise of the chopper-stabilized amplifier. 1949: First chopper-stabilized op-amp In 1949, Edwin A. Goldberg designed achopper-stabilized op-amp.This set-up uses a normal op-amp with an additionalACamplifier that goes alongside the op-amp. The chopper gets an AC signal fromDCby switching between the DC voltage and ground at a fast rate (60Hz or 400Hz). This signal is then amplified, rectified, filtered and fed into the op-amps non-inverting input. This vastly improved the gain of the op-amp while significantly reducing the output drift and DC offset. Unfortunately, any design that used a chopper couldnt use their non-inverting input for any other purpose. Nevertheless, the much improved characteristics of the chopper-stabilized op-amp made it the dominant way to use op-amps. Techniques that used the non-inverting input regularly would not be very popular until the 1960s when op-ampICsstarted to show up in the field. In 1953, vacuum tube op-amps became commercially available with the release of the model K2-W from George A. Philbrick Researches, Incorporated. The designation on the devices shown, GAP/R, is a contraction for the complete company name. Two nine-pin 12AX7 vacuum tubes were mounted in an octal package and had a model K2-P chopper add-on available that would effectively use up the non-inverting input. This op-amp was based on a descendant of Loebe Julies 1947 design and, along with its successors, would start the widespread use of op-amps in industry. 1961: First discrete IC op-amps With the birth of thetransistorin 1947, and the silicon transistor in 1954, the concept of ICs became a reality. The introduction of theplanar processin 1959 made transistors and ICs stable enough to be commercially useful. By 1961, solid-state, discrete op-amps were being produced. These op-amps were effectively small circuit boards with packages such as edge-connectors. They usually had hand-selected resistors in order to improve things such as voltage offset and drift. The P45 (1961) had a gain of 94dB and ran on  ±15V rails. It was intended to deal with signals in the range of  ±10V. 1962: First op-amps in potted modules By 1962, several companies were producing modular potted packages that could be plugged intoprinted circuit boards. These packages were crucially important as they made the operational amplifier into a singleblack boxwhich could be easily treated as a component in a larger circuit. 1963: First monolithic IC op-amp In 1963, the first monolithic IC op-amp, the  µA702 designed byBob Widlarat Fairchild Semiconductor, was released. MonolithicICsconsist of a single chip as opposed to a chip and discrete parts (a discrete IC) or multiple chips bonded and connected on a circuit board (a hybrid IC). Almost all modern op-amps are monolithic ICs; however, this first IC did not meet with much success. Issues such as an uneven supply voltage, low gain and a small dynamic range held off the dominance of monolithic op-amps until 1965 when the  µA709 was released. 1966: First varactor bridge op-amps Since the 741, there have been many different directions taken in op-amp design.Varactorbridge op-amps started to be produced in the late 1960s; they were designed to have extremely small input current and are still amongst the best op-amps available in terms of common-mode rejection with the ability to correctly deal with hundreds of volts at their inputs. 1968: Release of the  µA741 The popularity of monolithic op-amps was further improved upon the release of the LM101 in 1967, which solved a variety of issues, and the subsequent release of the  µA741 in 1968. The  µA741 was extremely similar to the LM101 except that Fairchilds facilities allowed them to include a 30pF compensation capacitor inside the chip instead of requiring external compensation. This simple difference has made the 741thecanonical op-amp and many modern amps base their pin out on the 741s.The  µA741 is still in production, and has become ubiquitous in electronics-many manufacturers produce a version of this classic chip, recognizable by part numbers containing741. 1970: First high-speed, low-input current FET design In the 1970s high speed, low-input current designs started to be made by usingFETs. These would be largely replaced by op-amps made withMOSFETsin the 1980s. During the 1970s single sided supply op-amps also became available. 1972: Single sided supply op-amps being produced A single sided supply op-amp is one where the input and output voltages can be as low as the negative power supply voltage instead of needing to be at least two volts above it. The result is that it can operate in many applications with the negative supply pin on the op-amp being connected to the signal ground, thus eliminating the need for a separate negative power supply. The LM324 (released in 1972) was one such op-amp that came in a quad package (four separate op-amps in one package) and became an industry standard. In addition to packaging multiple op-amps in a single package, the 1970s also saw the birth of op-amps in hybrid packages. These op-amps were generally improved versions of existing monolithic op-amps. As the properties of monolithic op-amps improved, the more complex hybrid ICs were quickly relegated to systems that are required to have extremely long service lives or other specialty systems. Recent trends Recently supply voltages in analog circuits have decreased (as they have in digital logic) and low-voltage op-amps have been introduced reflecting this. Supplies of  ±5V and increasingly 5V are common. To maximize the signal range modern op-amps commonly have rail-to-rail inputs (the input signals can range from the lowest supply voltage to the highest) and sometimes rail-to-rail outputs. A very typical commercial IC op amp circuit is the 741. This IC has been available for many years, and a number of variations have been developed to help minimize the errors inherent in its construction and operation. Nevertheless, the analysis we will perform here using the 741 will apply to any other IC op amp, if you take into account the actual parameters of the device you are actually using. Therefore, we will use the 741 as our example IC op amp. A differential amplifier connected as an op amp. To the right is a circuit using the 741 op amp IC, with the input and feedback resistors that are required for this circuit to operate properly in an analog computer. Note that there are actually two inputs to the amplifier, designated + and - in the figure. This is because the 741, like all IC op amps of this type, is in fact a differential amplifier. Thus, the output voltage is determined by thedifferencebetween the two input voltages. The +, or non-inverting input, is grounded through a resistor as shown. Thus, its input voltage is always zero. The -, or inverting input, is the one that is actively used. Thus, we establish that the inverting input, which is also the junction of the input and feedback resistors, must operate as a virtual ground in order to keep the output voltage within bounds. So far, so good, but what about the actual voltage gain? It cant possibly be infinite, and if it isnt infinite, there must be some non-zero input voltage to produce a non-zero output voltage. In fact, the typical open-loop voltage gain for the 741 is 200,000. This does not mean that every such device has a gain of 200,000, however. What is guaranteed is that the commercial version (the 741C) will have a minimum gain of 20,000. The military version is more stringently selected, and will have a minimum voltage gain of 50,000. For the 741C, then, with a maximum output voltage of  ±10 volts, the maximum input voltage required at the inverting input can never be more than  ±10/20,000 =  ±0.0005 volt, or 0.5 milli volts. Typical measurement accuracy uses three significant digits, so we would measure voltages from 0.00 volts to  ±10.00 volts. The maximum input voltage is more than an order of magnitude smaller than this, and hence is insignificant in a typical analog computer. But what about input bias current? Surely the IC requires at leastsomesmall amount of input current? Well, yes, it does. The 741C requires a typical input bias current of 80 nA (thats nano Amperes, where 1nA=10-9A). The maximum input bias current for the 741C is 500nA, or 0.5 µA. So how do we use this information to minimize the errors it could cause into insignificance? Well, lets consider the resistance that would be required for this current to cause a significant voltage drop. If we keep the voltage error small enough, we can ignore it as immeasurable. This means we must keep the values of Rinand Rfas small as possible, consistent with proper operation of the circuit. At the same time, we cannot make them too small, or the op amp itself will be overloaded. For proper operation, the total load resistance at the 741 output should not be smaller than 2000 ohms, or 2k. This amounts to a maximum output current of 5 mA at 10 volts output. This means that the output resistance of the op amp is not the desired zero ohms. However, as long as you dont draw too much current from the output, the use of heavy negative feedback has an added benefit: It makes the op amp behaveas ifit had zero output resistance. That is, any internal resistance will simply mean that the op amp must produce an internal voltage enough higher than the calculated value so that the final output voltage will be the calculated value. So what if we make our input and feedback resistors about 10k each? Then the current demand on the output is only 1 mA at 10 volts, leaving plenty of capacity for additional inputs. And the voltage caused by the input bias current wont exceed 10,000-0.5-10-6=0.005volt. This is half of the least significant digit of our measurement capability, which is not as good as we would like, but will do. Also, this is the absolute worst-case situation; most practical applications wont see an error this big. In addition, the input bias current applies equally to both inputs. This is the reason for the resistor connecting the + input to ground. If this resistor is close in value to the parallel combination of Rin and Rf, the same voltage error will be generated at the two inputs, and will therefore be cancelled out, or very nearly. Thus, we can relegate this problem to true insignificance by means of correct circuit design and careful choice of component values. The 741 does also have two error characteristics, calledinput offset voltageandinput offset current, which define the inherent errors which may exist between the two inputs to the IC. However, the 741 also has the means for balancing these variations out, so the actual errors are minimized or eliminated, thus once again removing them from significance. A problem with any op amp is a limited frequency response. The higher the gain of the complete circuit, the lower the working frequency response. This is one reason an overall gain of 20 is a practical limit. (Another reason is that the input and feedback resistors become too different from each other.) Also, the standard 741 has aslew rateof 0.5v/ µs. This means that the output voltage cannot change any faster than this. The newer generation of op amps, such as the 741S, have a slew rate more like 5v/ µs, and hence can operate over the entire audio range of frequencies without serious problems. Classification of Operational Amplifier: Op-amps may be classified by their construction: discrete (built from individualtransistorsortubes/valves) IC (fabricated in anIntegrated circuit) most common hybrid IC op-amps may be classified in many ways, including: Military, Industrial, or Commercial grade (for example: the LM301 is the commercial grade version of the LM101, the LM201 is the industrial version). This may defineoperating temperatureranges and other environmental or quality factors. Classification by package type may also affect environmental hardiness, as well as manufacturing options;DIP, and other through-hole packages are tending to be replaced bySurface-mount devices. Classification by internal compensation: op-amps may suffer from high frequencyinstabilityin somenegative feedbackcircuits unless a small compensation capacitor modifies the phase- and frequency- responses; op-amps with capacitor built in are termedcompensated, or perhaps compensated forclosed-loopgains down to (say) 5, others: uncompensated. Single, dual and quad versions of many commercial op-amp IC are available, meaning 1, 2 or 4 operational amplifiers are included in the same package. Rail-to-rail input (and/or output) op-amps can work with input (and/or output) signals very close to the power supply rails. CMOSop-amps (such as the CA3140E) provide extremely high input resistances, higher thanJFET-input op-amps, which are normally higher thanbipolar-input op-amps. Other varieties of op-amp include programmable op-amps (simply meaning the quiescent current, gain, and bandwidth and so on can be adjusted slightly by an external resistor). Manufacturers often tabulate their op-amps according to purpose, such as low-noise pre-amplifiers, wide bandwidth amplifiers, and so on. Single-Ended Inputs With single-ended inputs you connect one wire from each signal source to the data acquisition interface the Micro link. The measurement is the difference between the signal and the ground or earth at the Micro link. This method relies on the signal source being grounded (earthed), and the signal sources ground and the Micro links ground having the same value. Differences in Ground Levels We think of the ground as a constant 0V, but in reality the ground, or earth, is at a different level in different places. The closer together the places, the more likely the ground level will be the same. Make a connection between two grounds and the difference in levels can drive large currents, known as earth or ground loops. This can lead to errors when using single-ended inputs. Noise Errors Single-ended inputs are sensitive to noise errors. Noise (unwanted signal contamination) is added because signal wires act as aerials, picking up environmental electrical activity. With single-ended inputs you have no way of distinguishing between the signal and the noise. The ground and noise problems can be solved by differential inputs. Differential Inputs With differential inputs, two signal wires run from each signal source to the Microlink. One goes to a + input and one to a input. Two high-impedance amplifiers monitor the voltage between the input and the interface ground. The outputs of the two amplifiers are then subtracted by a third amplifier to give the difference between the + and inputs, meaning that any voltage common to both wires is removed. This can solve both of the problems caused by single-ended connections. It means that differences in grounds are irrelevant (as long as they arent too large for the amplifier to handle). It also reduces noise twisting wires together will ensure that any noise picked up will be the same for each wire. Floating Signals A common problem when using differential inputs is neglecting any connection to ground. For example, battery-powered instruments and thermocouples have no connection to a buildings ground. You could connect a battery, for instance, between the Micro links + and inputs. The 2 input amplifiers will try to monitor the voltages + to earth and to ground. However, as there is no connection between the battery and ground, these voltages to ground could be any value and may be too large for the amplifier to handle. For these floating signal sources you should provide a reference. The Micro link has a socket labelled 0V. Run a wire from, say, the wire to this OV socket, either directly or via a resistor. (If your signal source is itself grounded dont make a connection to the Micro links 0V socket.) Amplifier Ability and Operating Range The three amplifiers used for differential inputs are collectively known as an instrumentation amplifier. Ideally, as previously described, any voltage common to both wires (common mode voltage) is cancelled. In practice the two input amplifiers are not perfectly matched so a fraction of the common mode voltage may appear. How closely the instrumentation amplifier approaches the ideal is expressed as the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). This is the reciprocal of the fraction let through and is usually given in decibels. The higher the rejection ratio the better. Another specification to look for is the common mode range. This is the maximum contamination voltage with which the amplifier can cope. If the difference in ground levels between your interface and signal source exceeds this value, your measurement will be inaccurate. Less Signals with Differential Inputs? An obvious disadvantage of differential inputs is that you need twice as many wires, so you can connect only half the number of signals, compared to single-ended inputs. Should you decide that single-ended inputs are OK for you if you have short signal wires, close together signal sources, and signals larger than around 100 mV for e.g. you can use differential inputs in single-ended mode. To do this short one of the signal wires (usually the input) to the Micro link V input. Differential inputs, therefore, give you the option of either mode. Op-Amp Characteristics: A very typical commercial IC op amp circuit is the 741. This IC has been available for many years, and a number of variations have been developed to help minimize the errors inherent in its construction and operation. Nevertheless, the analysis we will perform here using the 741 will apply to any other IC op amp, if you take into account the actual parameters of the device you are actually using. Therefore, we will use the 741 as our example IC op amp. A differential amplifier connected as an op amp. To the right is a circuit using the 741 op amp IC, with the input and feedback resistors that are required for this circuit to operate properly in an analog computer. Note that there are actually two inputs to the amplifier, designated + and - in the figure. This is because the 741, like all IC op amps of this type, is in fact a differential amplifier. Thus, the output voltage is determined by thedifferencebetween the two input voltages. The +, or non-inverting input, is grounded through a resistor as shown. Thus, its input voltage is always zero. The -, or inverting input, is the one that is actively used. Thus, we establish that the inverting input, which is also the junction of the input and feedback resistors, must operate as a virtual ground in order t