The Role of African American Women in the Civil Rights...

The African American Civil Rights Movement was a series of protests in the United States South from approximately 1955 through 1968. The overall goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to achieve racial equality before the law. Protest tactics were, overall, acts of civil disobedience. Rarely were they ever intended to be violent. From sit-ins to boycotts to marches, the activists involved in the Civil Rights Movement were vigilant and dedicated to the cause without being aggressive. While African-American men seemed to be the leaders in this epic movement, African-American women played a huge role behind the scenes and in the protests. When discussing the American Civil Rights Movement, the names that seem to come up are those of†¦show more content†¦However, unlike many protest leaders, Clark’s most influential work was done behind the scenes. Septima Poinsette Clark was an educator first and foremost. She got a job teaching as soon as she graduated from high school a nd taught children during the day and illiterate adults at night. She first got involved in political activism when she began campaigning for equal salaries for teachers regardless of their race. She also joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which eventually cost Clark her job. Because she was unable to find work, she was forced to move to Monteagle, Tennessee where she worked as a teacher at Highlander Folk School. This is where Septima Clark would make her mark on history. She began by teaching â€Å"literacy cources† where she would teach uneducated adults simple things like how to fill out a voter registration card or a driver’s license forms. Clark saw a need for this type of education and realized that this was the key to the advancement of the African American people. It was through these ideas that Septima Clark eventually developed the idea for â€Å"Citizenship Schools†. These were schools that taught adults how to read and eventually gain citizenship through education. The citizenship schools are what Septima Clark is most famous for, and for good reason. They not only increased literacy and education, theyShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Women During The Civil Rights Era942 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights Era, which took place during the years of 1955 till 1968, was indeed the movement that gave African Americans the push to achieve their first major accomplishments of the decade. The Civil Rights Movements goals were to break down the walls of legal segregation in public places, achieve equality and justice for African Americans, and to help make African Americans become more self-conscious when standing for all their interest. This movement not only benefited men, but it also benefitedRead MoreThe Memos On Women During The Civ il Rights Movement Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagesboth races. Two Memos on Women Women learned from their involvement with the civil rights movement to â€Å"think radically about the personal worth and abilities of people whose role in society had gone unchallenged before.† These thoughts, naturally, became part of how women began to place themselves within the civil rights movement and to truly start to think about what being a woman in a civil rights organization, like SNCC meant. In a way SNCC acted similarly to the radical abolitionists of theRead MoreThe During The 19th Century902 Words   |  4 Pagesthe lives of women and blacks completely. It was an age where the impact of the industrial revolution caused a sharp differentiation between the gender roles, especially of the upper and middle classes. In 19th century, appeared the events such as African American Civil Rights Movement, Civil War, and The Women’s Rights Movement had put women and blacks’ role to a new level. During the Civil War, women stepped out of their domestic doma ins to support the soldiers. In the meantime, African slaves hadRead MoreThe War On The Home Front1112 Words   |  5 Pagesfront. Those two events were WWII and the Cold War. Civil rights, the cultural norms, and society at large, had changed greatly during a short amount of time due to these events. The United States was fight a war on two fronts, both at home and overseas. The wars overseas had great influence and impact on the successes that would come over time on the home front. Without these wars and times of trials and tribulations, the civil rights movement and society as a whole, would most likely have not hadRead MoreThe Role Of Civil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement1503 Words   |  7 PagesProtests have long been an essential part of American life, employed to to draw attention to critical issues,events, and injustices. Ranging from peaceful marches to powerful acts of civil disobedience, not only in the United States but in Central American countries such a s Nicaragua. This being said, civil protests and peaceful demonstrations were not necessarily more successful in exuding change than pieces of legislation but moreso acted as a catalyst for social change, leading towards legislationRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1623 Words   |  7 Pages African Americans were brought to America during the colonial days by Britain, before the civil war, as slaves. They were the foundation of slave economy, being auctioned off and sold, with no thought given to their opinions, families, or lives. Throughout American history, African Americans have slowly fought their way towards where they are today. Their fight has developed into the Civil Rights Movement in the 1900s. Many historians would agree that the start of the Civil Rights Movement happenedRead MoreLeadership Styles And Activism Of African American Women1026 Words   |  5 Pagesto identify important leaders of the civil rights movement, the name that most often comes to one’s mind is Martin Luther King Jr. Others may mention James Forman, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, James Farmer, Andrew Young, or Bayard Rustin. Notably missing are the names of women leaders. Rarely would Ella Baker, Septima Clark, Gloria Richardson, Daisy Bates, or Fannie Lou Hamer be identi fied. The absence of the women leaders of the civil rights movement from history is not because there wereRead MoreEssay about Frq Analysis1138 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic Pride †¢ Gender Roles †¢ Music †¢ Race Relations †¢ Hippies †¢ Sexual Revolution 2. Explain THREE of the following and analyze the ways in which each of the three has affected the status of women in American society since 1940: †¢ 1950’s View of Women vs. 1960’s View of Women †¢ Changing Economic Conditions †¢ The Rebirth of an Organized Women’s Rights Movement (ERA) †¢ Advances inRead MorePersonal Experience with The African American Civil Rights Era1546 Words   |  6 PagesEmancipation Proclamation, African Americans in the south were still faced with innumerable injustices, including disenfranchisement, segregation, and violence. Jim Crow laws infringed on African Americans’ fundamental rights to a basic education, to suffrage, to serve on a jury, to enter certain shops, and even to use a public restroom. Throughout this time period, activists, African American and white alike, rallied for change using all methods possible: nonviolent protest, civil disobedience, and evenRead MoreShould America Be The Same?1648 Words   |  7 Pagesago, The Civil Rights Movement was blossoming into a nation-wide dilemma as America began to be a nation of racism and segregation but the Civil Rights Movement’s effect on other minorities, race equality, and the important role it plays in society today makes it so greatly impactful o n America. From the beginning, African Americans were always treated differently from others whether it was equal pay or going to designated place just because of their skin color; the Civil Rights Movement changed

Effect Of Change During The Post Independence Period

Chieftaincy has continued to experience pressures of change during the post-independence period. The introduction of the central government system in Ghana interfered in the institution of chieftaincy and reduced much of the authority and the power of chiefs (Boadi 2001, 20). However, despite these two major changes, chieftaincy is still very important in Ghana. Moreover, those pressures did not affect the religiosity of chieftaincy, which have always served as a hindrance to the involvement of Christians (Safo-Kantanka 1993, 53). Christianity in Ghana When European missionaries arrived on the Gold Coast (now Ghana), they deemed certain indigenous practices unholy and contradictory to Christian teachings. Christianity also affected the†¦show more content†¦Today the notion of traditional practices like ancestor worship contradicting Christianity is central to the discussion of chieftaincy and Christianity. For example in Ghana home movies, traditional indigenous practice like ancestor worship and the pouring of libation is seen as backward and unholy. In her article, â€Å"Between Customs and Christianity,† Naomi Wellings states, Many [Christian chiefs] had faced criticism from other Christians who believed they could not carry out the various sacrifices or drink offerings to ancestors required of them - traditional spiritual customs which imply a belief in the spiritual power of the dead to change life for the living and which some Christians view as idolatrous. (Wellings 2006) Christian chiefs face the dilemma of whether to embrace Christianity and forsake all traditional religious practices or denounce Christianity? There are different views regarding whether a Christian can become a chief. The issue of concern regards to the following questions: Is it possible for a Christian to be a chief and still fully be committed to God and follow the teachings and commandments of God? Is it sinful to be a Christian and a Chief? Should the church allow a Christian to become a traditional chief? There are different views regarding the topic of chieftaincy and Christianity. Can Chiefs Truly Practice Christianity? No. Some scholars and Christians believe that it is impossible for one to be a

The Prison System in France

Question: Write an essay on the Prison System in France? Answer: Andrea (NDrea) was a member of the group of social reformers or rebels named Os Cangaceiros. They refused the work slavery and attacked the prison system in France by stealing the plans of recently built prisons and spreading them among the mass (Os Editores). Andrea learned in 1985 that she had cancer. She had to undergo surgery, radiation treatment and chemotherapy. But, finally when it came to sign papers for consenting to be a guinea pig for experimental drugs for treating cancer, she walked out of it and chose to live and die her own way. This book by her demonstrates the decisions taken by her with joy, anger and intelligence. Her work powerfully condemns the medical industry along with being an ardent conceptual scrutiny of the commodity society. It also explains the social, emotional, physical and intellectual destruction of human beings and also the idiosyncratic articulation of a womans decision and desire to live and die according to her wishes among her near and dear ones , defying the society which is keen on slithering the lives as well as deaths of people away (Shotter). In her letter to the nurses, she castigated them for asking a sign of hers on papers which would mean that she would be treated with new experimental drugs and the hospital and the drug company would not take any responsibilities if anything happens to her. She says that it is her life; she is consenting to be a guinea pig and yet she has to pay for the costs of the new drug. She implies that when people become powerless and are on the verge of dying, they grab on to anything that they can get to extend their lifespan. This powerlessness is the root cause that the cynicism of pharmaceutical labs gets unnoticed. The helplessness of people is being taken advantage of by the medical industry. The hospital staffs convince the patients into getting tested for new drugs by feeding them illusions of life. Andrea was way too strong to escape this illusion (Cheng, Ottati and Price). She chastises the nurses due to their lack of morality. Andrea says that nurses could have helped the patients to choose their own way of life and death by protesting against the horrendous and inhuman treatments of the patients by the biochemists, hospitals, researchers etc. She has implied that the medical industry is just another money minting industry like most (BaÃ…Å ¸oÄÅ ¸lu). In her letter to Bella, she explains that she has chosen her freedom to live and die on her own terms. She knows that she is going to die soon but nonetheless, she is determined to have the last word in matters of her life and death (Abrams and Elizabeth). She also sarcastically demonstrates the treachery of other people who cash money from the poor plight of others (Hamel). After refusing any other medications and treatments for cancer, she felt that she bought back her life even if that means she is going to die sooner than later. References Abrams, Grant, and Patricia Elizabeth. Caregiver Revolution. Chicago: Gateways Books Tapes, 2011. Print. Baolu, Metin. "A Multivariate Contextual Analysis Of Torture And Cruel, Inhuman, And Degrading Treatments: Implications For An Evidence-Based Definition Of Torture.". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 79.2 (2009): 135-145. Web. Cheng, Justin S., Victor C. Ottati, and Erika D. Price. "The Arousal Model Of Moral Condemnation". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49.6 (2013): 1012-1018. Web. Hamel, Louis H. "Treachery By Gift". Int. J. Appl. Psychoanal. Studies 11.3 (2014): 269-273. Web. Os Editores, Os Editores. "Editorial". Comun. Educ. 18.1 (2013): 3. Web. Shotter, J. "Worldly Beings Becoming Human Beings: Differentiations And Articulations Within Our Different Ways Of Being". Culture Psychology 21.2 (2015): 231-242. Web.

The Major Factors Affecting Future of the Tourism Industry in UK

This essay provides a critical analysis of the major developments that guide the future growth of tour and travel industry. It forms a discussion of the major factors affecting future of the tourism industry in United Kingdom, through study of factors that cause current effects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Factors Affecting Future of the Tourism Industry in UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research problem is an analysis of prospective effects and developments on future tourism particularly in United Kingdom, in relation to various international tourism industries. The study is significant due to the reason that there are various dynamic global approaches towards tourism and recently embraced technologies. The analysis also covers issue of economical impact of tourism practices to United Kingdom. This calls for an examination of what determines future outcomes and anticipatable changes. Lastl y, the research topic addresses the issue of new and anticipated strategies to secure the future of the industry. This means that the main purpose of this study is to evaluate various effects on future of tourism industry in United Kingdom. Some of the issues emerging from the study involve responsibility and conservation care accorded to natural and cultural heritage at various destinations. Secondly, the research will analyse aviation practices and effects on culture and ecology. Lastly, the study forms a critic on decisions and visions of tourism industry. People especially in the U.K. lack rationale or reason for visiting a chosen destiny. This is a major concern to future tourism because there is poor promotion of excellent local destinies. According to Urry (2002, p.59) and Theobald (1998, p.22), Tourism Council surveys indicates that most UK tourists do not considering possible personal gains or benefits of local visits. Availability of resources often determines travelling p lans and choices. In line with Urry’s analysis (2002, p.59), tourists are willing to venture deeper into meaning and discover foreign cultural experiences. The new trend is thus a possible prediction for appreciation and support for distinctive local cultures considering the major commercial industries in UK. People lack rationale for local tourism. As Whittingdale predicts (2007, p.36), analysis of tourism trends in the UK shows that people are forced into ‘geo-local’ tourism due to high economic costs.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ability to take into account purpose before travel would thus increase local travel. Low local tourism cause despair, but future predictions, shows that number of local visitors is increasing steadily. Haven-Tang and Jones’ view on tourism SMEs in UK (2005, p.293) and Appiah-Adu et al study (2000, p.96) presents pu rpose of quality service delivery and competition in the industry. Predicted local tourism is a major boost to alternative means of travel. As stated by Lumsdon and Page, (2004, p.100), the escalating costs of travel calls for alternative and cheaper means. If people can appreciate their locally available tourist destinations, then increased use of cheaper means of transport such as trains would emerge. Forsyth (1995, p.210) Burns and Novelli’s literature (2007, p.212), indicate that the future of tourism industry in UK depends on sustainability measures. Local tourism will definitely foster future support for better investments for alternative low-costs means of transport. Today, climate and ecosystem changes have devastating impact on the tourism industry. Current analysis indicates that UK travellers are concern with comfort, security and alternatives means (Cooper, 2005, p.14). This is a great threat to the future of tourism. There is negligence over the issue of managing tourists. If environmental costs exceed the economical gain, then in future, administrators need to place more focus on types of tourism practices for maximum economical, social and environmental gains. There are high hopes that the future of tourism will be sustainable and cultural ideal. Current major threat involves lack of enough support for local uniqueness and distinctiveness. Utopia destiny is a collection of ideas for a sustainable future. According to Cooper (2005, p.14), â€Å"ideal tourist destiny sparks ideas that are more creative and inspiring.† References Appiah-Adu, K., Fyall, A., Singh, S. April 2000. Marketing Culture and Customer  Retention in the Tourism Industry. [Online] The Service Industries Journal, Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 95 – 113. Web. Burns, P., Novelli, M. 2007. Tourism and politics: global frameworks and local  realities. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Factors Affecting F uture of the Tourism Industry in UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cooper, C.P. et al. 2005. Tourism: Principles and Practice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Forsyth, T. 1995. Business attitudes to sustainable tourism: Self-regulation in the UK  outgoing tourism industry. Web.  London, UK Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Volume 3, Issue 4 1995 , pages 210 – 231. Web. Haven-Tang, C., Jones E. 2005. Tourism SMEs, service quality, and destination  competitiveness. Oxford, UK: CABI Publishers. Lumsdon, L., And Page, S. (2004). Tourism and transport: Issues and Agenda for  the new millennium. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Publishers. Theobald, W. (998). Global Tourism. (Second Ed). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers. Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist Gaze (2nd Ed). London: Sage. Whittingdale, J. (October 23, 2007). Tourism: Report, together with formal minutes,  House of Commons, Media and Sports Committee. Vol 2. London: The Sta tionery Office.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Major Factors Affecting Future of the Tourism Industry in UK was written and submitted by user Branden Fuentes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Movie Lawrence Of Arabia[relating To History]

Movie Lawrence Of Arabia[relating To History] Lawrence of Arabia is a great movie which shows the views of a Arab group who revolts against the Turks with the help of the British. Mainly the British intelligence officer was the main person who helped. In the movie, Lawrence assured the Arabs that if they revolted against the Turks they would be rewarded with their independence after the war. That reminded me of the Panama incident, where U.S. did a similar thing. Since the British, an allied country of the U.S., Lawrence tried to get the British politicians to attend the Versailles peace conference. But after that attempt, the Middle East only led to be split by the French and British Empire. The one thing that I noticed was that in the area which they were fighting, they didn't use a whole lot of the new weapons that we learned. They were still using the old fashion way of fighting.Emir Feisal I (right) and Chaim Weizmann (also wea...

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is not a continuous wall but is a collection of short walls that often follow the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. The Great Wall of China, known as long Wall of 10,000 Li in China, extends about 8,850 kilometers (5,500 miles). Building the Great Wall of China A first set of walls, designed to keep Mongol nomads out of China, were built of earth and stones in wood frames during the Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BCE). Some additions and modifications were made to these simple walls over the next millennium but the major construction of the modern walls began in the Ming Dynasty (1388 to 1644 CE). The Ming fortifications were established in new areas from the Qin walls. They were up to 25 feet (7.6 meters) high, 15 to 30 feet (4.6 to 9.1 meters) wide at the base, and from 9 to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7 meters) wide at the top (wide enough for marching troops or wagons). At regular intervals, guard stations and watch towers were established. Since the Great Wall was discontinuous, Mongol invaders had no trouble breaching the wall by going around it, so the wall proved unsuccessful and was eventually abandoned. Additionally, a policy of mollification during the subsequent Ching Dynasty that sought to pacify the Mongol leaders through religious conversion also helped to limit the need for the Great Wall. Through Western contact with China from the 17th through 20th centuries, the legend of the Great Wall of China grew along with tourism to the wall. Restoration and rebuilding took place in the 20th century and in 1987 the Great Wall of China was made a World Heritage Site. Today, a portion of the Great Wall of China, about 50 miles (80 km) from Beijing, receives thousands of tourists each day. Can You See It From Outer Space or the Moon? For some reason, some urban legends tend to get started and never disappear. Many are familiar with the claim that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from space or from the moon with the naked eye. This is simply not true. The myth of being able to see the Great Wall from space originated in Richard Halliburtons 1938 (long before humans saw the Earth from space) book Second Book of Marvels said that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from the moon. From a low orbit of the Earth, many artificial objects are visible, such as highways, ships in the sea, railroads, cities, fields of crops, and even some individual buildings. While at a low orbit, the Great Wall of China can certainly be seen from space, it is not unique in that regard. However, when leaving the Earths orbit and acquiring an altitude of more than a few thousand miles, no man-made objects are visible at all. NASA says, The Great Wall can barely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be possible to see it from the Moon with the naked eye. Thus, it would be tough to spot the Great Wall of China or any other object from the moon. Furthermore, from the moon, even the continents are barely visible. Regarding the origination of the story, Straight Dopes pundit Cecil Adams says, Nobody knows exactly where the story got started, although some think it was speculation by some bigshot during an after-dinner speech in the early days of the space program. NASA astronaut Alan Bean is quoted in Tom Burnams book More Misinformation... The only thing you can see from the moon is a beautiful sphere, mostly white (clouds), some blue (ocean), patches of yellow (deserts), and every once in a while some green vegetation. No man-made object is visible on this scale. In fact, when first leaving earths orbit and only a few thousand miles away, no man-made object is visible at that point either.

International Civil Aviation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Civil Aviation - Assignment Example (Civil Aviation Training Centre, 2003) The review report is intended to build a future in which aviation exists in harmony with the natural and human environment. To make this possible the detrimental factors and strategic measures affecting the aviation industry are thoroughly analyzed for getting a better insight into the knowledge and understanding of existing and future environmental impacts, as well as the opportunities for mitigating or avoiding them.(Transportation Research Circular, 2006) Such analysis serves as an important tool in anticipating facilities and services which are required to meet the future demands of air travel and in ascertaining where and when airspace or airport congestion is likely to occur. These reviews also have a significant role in strategic planning towards the cost-effective implementation of communications, navigation and surveillance or air traffic management systems.(Trends in air transport, 2004) This review report summarizes progress that the international civil aviation industry is making towards the future. Thus the study involves There are many environmental elements, bot... Environmental factors affecting the aviation industry There are many environmental elements, both short term and long term in nature affecting the International Civil Aviation. In today's world, where aviation traffic has grown to an indispensable mode of transport, the environment has become too much stressed from a variety of sources. Population explosion has yet made the whole system more complex and difficult to manage efficiently and equitably. This paper which reviews the said sector from a strategic angle compiles from the result of researches and statistics conducted on ways to assess and provide solutions to these conditions. Use of tools like SWOT analysis, which brings to light the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of aviation industry, could be very useful in bringing out the detrimental environmental factors. The research agenda categorized the factors as in the figure (Refer Appendix - 1). (Transportation Research Circular, 2006) The main environmental constituents identified affecting the sector mainly from the Media (aircraft) and its Process (operations) are: Noise: Aircraft noise is one of the most constraining factors affecting the sector. However, there were significant developments in providing quieter aircrafts and organizations like National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Community are continuously going ahead with such projects limiting noise pollution to the maximum. (Transportation Research Circular, 2006) Air quality: This deal with all the environmental impacts including emissions from aircrafts like greenhouse gas emissions, ozone acidification, depletion, and impact on local air quality. Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxide, etc., particulates and aerosols, sulfur compounds, and water emissions

Health care reform to address access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care reform to address access - Essay Example Nevertheless, it will enhance access to affordable healthcare for children, cancer patients, and underserved communities, through drug discounts propelled by 340B programs. Moreover, the legislation stands to improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare by availing medical services to all individuals in America and especially those who have joined Medicare and Medicaid. There will also be sustainable efforts to improve the delivery of care and support research, which will inform clients on issues relating to patient outcomes, and patient models will be developed and distributed. Health care practitioners and patients residing from rural areas will recognize the tremendous improvements together with advancements in payment accuracy. In addition, there will be improvements in access to innovative medical therapies through innovation and biologics price competition. With the establishment of the legislation, FDA will be in a position to license biological products that are shown to be either biosimilar or interchangeable to reference product (Kaiser, 2014). The basic values that underlie the approach to solving the access to health care problems include; focusing on provisions to expand medical cover for individuals and families in the United States, enacting measures to control health care and related medical costs to make it affordable to all individuals in America, and continuous improvement health care delivery system. The stated values do not align to any specific political perspective, but instead touch on the health benefit of every American citizen. As a policy maker, I would use the following approach to ensure success, establishment of market reforms, creating of insurance market places, and expansion of Medicaid programs (Healthcare.gov., 2014). This is because; every state requires compliance with market reforms to ensure access to cover for young adults, provision of

Earth science Essay Example for Free

Earth science Essay Speculations of the actual rate of global warming had been contradictory to the least. In fact, there have been arguments that the year 1998 and not 2005 is the warmest year recorded. However, based on the global climate simulation models, warming considerably larger in the Western Equatorial Pacific than in the East Equatorial Pacific. The authors also suggested that the increased East-West temperature gradient may have also increased the likelihood of El Nino such as those in 1983 and 1998. Global temperature is a gauge used for measuring and summarizing the state of global climate. Although the effects on climate are normally felt locally, its distribution nonetheless is congruent with that of the climate models. According to the Goddard Institute for Space Studies Analysis, the estimated uncertainty of global mean temperature implies that we can only state that 2005 was probably the warmest year. This conclusion was based on satellite measurements of sea surface temperature since 1982, a ship-based analysis for earlier years and documented procedures for data over land. Also, this analysis has a 95 percent confidence. As mentioned earlier, 2005 is noted for its warmth and this is not due to the contribution of the El Nino phenomenon contrary to the one recorded in 1998 wherein 0. 2Â ° C was lifted from the trend line and considered to be the strongest in the century. Hence, global warming is tallied to be at 0. 6Â ° C in the past decades and 0. 8Â °C higher than in the past century. Contrary to what was speculated before, it is now incorrect to say that most global warming occurred before the 1940s. This may be attributed to the large fluctuations and yet slow warming over the century until 1975 which was then followed by a rapid warming, noted at 0. Â °C per decade. Hence, global warming is not just a concocted artefact due to the measurements in urban areas and used to scare people into being earth friendly but a real climate change. It is confirmed by surface temperature change inferred from borehole temperature profiles at remote locations, the rate of alpine glaciers around the world and progressively earlier breakup of ice on rivers and lakes. (10). Moreover, the fact that there is indeed a geographical distribution of warming gives proof that there is a real climate change. The largest warming recorded occurred not in urban areas but in remote regions including high latitudes. Furthermore, warming has also been documented in ocean areas, which are considerably far from the direct effects of humans. On the other hand, calculations made through the first global climate model, presented in the congressional testimony in 1988 was allegedly 300 percent wrong. However, further analysis indicated that the first transient climate simulations proved to be quite accurate and certainly not wrong by 300 percent.

japanese religion :: essays research papers

Japan Religious and Philosophical Traditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The values described in the preceding section are derived from a number of religious and philosophical traditions, both indigenous and foreign. Taken together, these traditions may be considered the Japanese worldview, although the personal beliefs of an individual Japanese may incorporate some aspects and disregard others. The Japanese worldview is eclectic, contrasting with a Western view in which religion is exclusive and defines one's identity. Contemporary Japanese society is highly secular. Cause and effect relations are frequently based in scientific models, and illness and death are explained by modern medical theories. Yet the scientific view is but one of the options from which an individual may draw in interpreting life's experiences. The Japanese worldview is characterized also by a pragmatic approach to problem solving, in which the technique may be less important than the results. Thus a Japanese who is ill may simultaneously or sequentially seek the assistance of a medical doctor, obtain medication from a person trained in the Chinese herbal tradition, and visit a local shrine. Each of these actions is based on a different belief in causation of the illness: the physician may say that the illness is caused by a bacterial infection; the herbalist regards the body as being out of balance; and the basis of the shrine visit is the belief that the mind must be cleansed to heal the body. In the West, these explanations might be viewed as mutually exclusive, but the Japanese patient may hold all of these views simultaneously without a sense of discord. Similarly, a student studying for university entrance examinations knows that without extraordinary hard work, admission is impossible. Yet the student will probably a lso visit a special shrine to ask for the help of the spiritual world in ensuring success. The roots of the Japanese worldview can be traced to several traditions. Shinto, the only indigenous religion of Japan, provided the base.

Ethical Issues in Accounting Essay

â€Å"Accountants and the accountancy profession exist as a means of public service; the distinction which separates a profession from a mere means of livelihood is that the profession is accountable to standards of the public interest, and beyond the compensation paid by clients.† —Robert H. Montgomery, describing ethics in accounting. Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli, and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and auditors. Due to the diverse range of accounting services and recent corporate collapses, attention has been drawn to ethical standards accepted within the accounting profession. These collapses have resulted in a widespread disregard for the reputation of the accounting profession. To combat the criticism and prevent fraudulent accounting, various accounting organizations and governments have developed regulations and remedies for improved ethics among the accounting profession. Importance of Ethics in Accounting The nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders, potential shareholders, and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements, as well as the auditors that verified it, to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas, allowing for the right choice that, although it may not benefit the company, will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor’s reporting. History Luca Pacioli, the â€Å"Father of Accounting†, wrote on accounting ethics in his first book Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni, et proportionalita, published in 1494. Ethical standards have since then been developed through government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. These various groups have led accountants to follow several codes of ethics to perform their duties in a professional work environment. Accountants must follow the code of ethics set out by the professional body of which they are a member. United States accounting societies such as the Association of Government Accountants, Institute of Internal Auditors, and the National Association of Accountants all have codes of ethics, and many accountants are members of one or more of these societies. In 1887, the American Association of Public Accountants (AAPA) was created; it was the first step in developing professionalism in the United States accounting industry. By 1905, the AAPA’s first ethical codes were formulated to educate its members. During its twentieth anniversary meeting in October 1907, ethics was a major topic of the conference among its members. As a result of discussions, a list of professional ethics was incorporated into the organization’s bylaws. However, because membership to the organization was voluntary, the association could not require individuals to conform to the suggested behaviors. Other accounting organizations, such as the Illinois Institute of Accountants, also pursued discussion on the importance of ethics for the field. The AAPA was renamed several times throughout its history, before becoming the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) as its named today. The AICPA developed five divisions of ethical principles that its members should follow: â€Å"independence, integrity, and objectivity†; â€Å"competence and technical standards†; â€Å"responsibilities to clients†; â€Å"responsibilities to colleagues†; as well as â€Å"other responsibilities and practices†. Each of these divisions provided guidelines on how a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) should act as a professional. Failure to comply with the guidelines could have caused an accountant to be barred from practicing. When developing the ethical principles, the AICPA also considered how the profession would be viewed by those outside of the accounting industry. Teaching Ethics Universities began teaching business ethics in the 1980s. Courses on this subject have grown significantly in the last couple of decades. Teaching accountants about ethics can involve role playing, lectures, case studies, guest lectures, as well as other mediums. Recent studies indicate that nearly all accounting textbooks touch on ethics in some way. In 1993, the first United States center that focused on the study of ethics in the accounting profession opened at State University of New York at Binghamton. Starting in 1999, several U.S. states began requiring ethics classes prior to taking the CPA exam. Seven goals of accounting ethics education †¢ Relate accounting education to moral issues. †¢ Recognize issues in accounting that have ethical implications. †¢ Develop â€Å"a sense of moral obligation† or responsibility. †¢ Develop the abilities needed to deal with ethical conflicts or dilemmas. †¢ Learn to deal with the uncertainties of the accounting profession. †¢ â€Å"Set the stage for† a change in ethical behavior. †¢ Appreciate and understand the history and composition of all aspects of accounting ethics and their relationship to the general field of ethics. —Stephen E. Loeb In 1988, Stephen E. Loeb proposed that accounting ethics education should include seven goals (adapted from a list by Daniel Callahan). To implement these goals, he pointed out that accounting ethics could be taught throughout accounting curriculum or in an individual class tailored to the subject. Requiring it be taught throughout the curriculum would necessitate all accounting teachers to have knowledge on the subject (which may require training). A single course has issues as to where to include the course in a student’s education (for example, before preliminary accounting classes or near the end of a student’s degree requirements), whether there is enough material to cover in a semester class, and whether most universities have room in a four-year curriculum for a single class on the subject. There has been debate on whether ethics should be taught in a university setting. Supporters point out that ethics are important to the profession, and should be taught to accountants entering the field.[18] In addition, the education would help to reinforce students’ ethical values and inspire them to prevent others from making unethical decisions. Critics argue that an individual is ethical or not, and that teaching an ethics course would serve no purpose. Despite opposition, instruction on accounting ethics by universities and conferences, has been encouraged by professional organizations and accounting firms. The Accounting Education Change Commission (AECC) has called for students to â€Å"know and understand the ethics of the profession and be able to make value-based judgments.† Phillip G. Cottel argued that in order to uphold strong ethics, an accountant â€Å"must have a strong sense of values, the ability to reflect on a situation to determine the ethical implications, and a commitment to the well-being of others.† Iris Stuart recommends an ethics model consisting of four steps: the accountant must recognize that an ethical dilemma is occurring; identify the parties that would be interested in the outcome of the dilemma; determine alternatives and evaluate its effect on each alternative on the interested parties; and then select the best alternative. Accounting Scandals Accounting ethics has been deemed difficult to control as accountants and auditors must consider the interest of the public (which relies on the information gathered in audits) while ensuring that they remained employed by the company they are auditing. They must consider how to best apply accounting standards even when faced with issues that could cause a company to face a significant loss or even be discontinued. Due to several accounting scandals within the profession, critics of accountants have stated that when asked by a client â€Å"what does two plus two equal?† the accountant would be likely to respond â€Å"what would you like it to be?† This thought process along with other criticisms of the profession’s issues with conflict of interest, have led to various increased standards of professionalism while stressing ethics in the work environment. The role of accountants is critical to society. Accountants serve as financial reporters and intermediaries in the capital markets and owe their primary obligation to the public interest. The information they provide is crucial in aiding managers, investors and others in making critical economic decisions. Accordingly, ethical improprieties by accountants can be detrimental to society, resulting in distrust by the public and disruption of efficient capital market operations. â€Å"Every company in the country is fiddling its profits. Every set of published accounts is based on books which have been gently cooked or completely roasted. The figures which are fed twice a year to the investing public have all been changed in order to protect the guilty. It is the biggest con trick since the Trojan horse. †¦ In fact this deception is all in perfectly good taste. It is totally legitimate. It is creative accounting.† —Ian Griffiths in 1986, describing creative accounting From the 1980s to the present there have been multiple accounting scandals that were widely reported on by the media and resulted in fraud charges, bankruptcy protection requests, and the closure of companies and accounting firms. The scandals were the result of creative accounting, misleading financial analysis, as well as bribery. Various companies had issues with fraudulent accounting practices, including Nugan Hand Bank, Phar-Mor, WorldCom, and AIG. One of the most widely-reported violation of accounting ethics involved Enron, a multinational company, that for several years had not shown a true or fair view of their financial statements. Their auditor Arthur Andersen, an accounting firm considered one of the â€Å"Big Five†, signed off on the validity of the accounts despite the inaccuracies in the financial statements. When the unethical activities were reported, not only did Enron dissolve but Arthur Andersen also went out of business. Enron’s shareholders lost $25 billion as a result of the company’s bankruptcy. Although only a fraction of Arthur Anderson’s employees were involved with the scandal, the closure of the firm resulted in the loss of 85,000 jobs. Causes Fraudulent accounting can arise from a variety of issues. These problems usually come to light eventually and could ruin not only the company but also the auditors for not discovering or revealing the misstatements. Several studies have proposed that a firm’s corporate culture as well as the values it stresses may negatively alter an accountant’s behavior. This environment could contribute to the degradation of ethical values that were learned from universities. Until 1977, ethics rules prevented accounting and auditing firms from advertising to clients. When the rules were lifted, spending by the largest CPA firms on advertisements rose from US$4 million in the 1980s to more than $100 million in the 2000s. Critics claimed that, by allowing the firms to advertise, the business side overstepped the professional side of the profession, which led to a conflict of interest. This focus allowed for occurrences of fraud, and caused the firms, according to Arthur Bowman, â€Å"†¦ to offer services that made them more consultants and business advisers than auditors.† As accounting firms became less interested in the lower-paying audits due to more focus on higher earning services such as consulting, problems arose. This disregard for the lack of time spent on audits resulted in a lack of attention to catching creative and fraudulent accounting. A 2007 article in Managerial Auditing Journal determined the top nine factors that contributed to ethical failures for accountants based on a survey of 66 members of the International Federation of Accountants. The factors include (in order of most significant): â€Å"self-interest, failure to maintain objectivity and independence, inappropriate professional judgment, lack of ethical sensitivity, improper leadership and ill-culture, failure to withstand advocacy threats, lack of competence, lack of organizational and peer support, and lack of professional body support.† The main factor, self-interest, is the motivation by an accountant to act in his/her best interest or when facing a conflict of interest. For example, if an auditor has an issue with an account he/she is auditing, but is receiving financial incentives to ignore these issues, the auditor may act unethically. Principles- vs. rules-based â€Å"When people need a doctor, or a lawyer, or a certified public accountant, they seek someone whom they can trust to do a good job — not for himself, but for them. They have to trust him, since they cannot appraise the quality of his ‘product’. To trust him they must believe that he is competent, and that his primary motive is to help them.† —John L. Carey, describing ethics in accounting The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are standards and interpretations developed by the International Accounting Standards Board, which are principle-based. IFRS are used by over 115 countries including the European Union, Australia, and Hong Kong. The United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting, is largely rule-based. Critics have stated that the rules-based GAAP is partly responsible for the number of scandals that the United States has suffered. The principles-based approach to monitoring requires more professional judgment than the rules-based approach. There are many stakeholders in many countries such as The United States who report several concerns in the usage of rules-based accounting. According to recent studies, many believe that the principles-based approach in financial reporting would not only improve but would also support an auditor upon dealing with client’s pressure. As a result, financial reports could be viewed with fairness and transparency. When the U.S. switched to International accounting standards, they are composed that this would bring change. However, as a new chairperson of the SEC takes over the system, the transition brings a stronger review about the pros and cons of rules- based accounting. While the move towards international standards progresses, there are small amount of research that examines the effect of principle- based standards in an auditor’s decision- making process. According to 114 auditing experts, most are willing to allow clients to manage their net income based on rules- ba sed standards. These results offers insight to the SEC, IASB and FASB in weighing the arguments in the debate of principles- vs. rules based- accounting. IFRS is based on â€Å"understandability, relevance, materiality, reliability, and comparability†. Since IFRS has not been adopted by all countries, these practices do not make the international standards viable in the world domain. In particular, the United States has not yet conformed and still uses GAAP which makes comparing principles and rules difficult. In August 2008, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) proposed that the United States switch from GAAP to IFRS, starting in 2014. Responses to scandals Since the major accounting scandals, new reforms, regulations, and calls for increased higher education have been introduced to combat the dangers of unethical behavior. By educating accountants on ethics before entering the workforce, such as through higher education or initial training at companies, it is believed it will help to improve the credibility of the accounting profession. Companies and accounting organizations have expanded their assistance with educators by providing education materials to assist professors in educating students. New regulations in response to the scandals include the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act 2004 in Australia as well as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, developed by the United States. Sarbanes-Oxley limits the level of work which can be carried out by accounting firms. In addition, the Act put a limit on the fee which a firm can receive from one client as a percentage of their total fees. This ensures that companies are not wholly reliant on one firm for its income, in the hope that they do not need to act unethically to keep a steady income. The act also protects whistleblowers and requires senior management in public companies to sign off on the accuracy of its company’s accounting records. In 2002, the five members of the Public Oversight Board (POB), which oversaw ethics within the accounting profession, resigned after critics deemed the board ineffective and the SEC proposed developing a new panel, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The PCAOB wa s developed through the Act, and replaced the POB. In 2003, the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) released a report entitled Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting: An International Perspective. By studying the international company collapses as a result of accounting issues, it determined areas for improvement within organizations as well as recommendations for companies to develop more effective ethics codes. The report also recommended that companies pursue options that would improve training and support so accountants could better handle ethical dilemmas. A collaborative effort by members of the international financial regulatory community led by Michel Prada, Chairman of the French Financial Markets Authority, resulting in establishment of the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB) on 1 March 2005. The PIOB provides oversight of the IFAC standards-setting boards: the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), the International Accounting Education Standards Board (IAESB) and the Inter national Ethics Standards Board for Accountants(IESBA). The most recent reform came into effect in July 2010 when President Obama signed â€Å"The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act†. The act covers a broad range of changes. The highlights of the legislation are consumer protections with authority and independence, ends too big to fail bail outs, advance warning system, transparency and accountability for exotic instruments, executive compensation and corporate governance, protects investors, and enforces regulations on the books. The legislation also resulted in the Office of the Whistleblower, which was established to administer the SEC’s whistleblower program. Congress authorized the SEC to provide monetary awards to whistleblowers who come forward with information that results in a minimum of a $1,000,000 sanction. The rewards are between 10% and 30% of the dollar amount collected. Whistleblowers help identify fraud and other unethical behaviors early on. The result is less harm to investors, quick ly holding offenders responsible, and to maintain the integrity of the U.S. markets.

Family and Happiness

Hello Professor Do you know what happiness is? Where does it come from? In this essay I will conduct an experiment for what older, experienced adults may think happiness is. To what preteens may think happiness is. The following includes the people I’m experimenting on and their results to my questions. Six Questions First suspect: Church Member Sis Wims Question: What is happiness in your own words? Answer: I think happiness is your smile and the way you act toward others. Question: what influenced you to give the answer that you gave? Answer: because it my personality and I walk around with a smile all day. Question: What has brought you happiness? Answer: My job, my family and my good health. Question: Do you think other people have different perspectives of happiness? Answer: yes, because some people have happiness and different ways I think some is can use happiness as how they live with big fine home, cars, money and all the luxuries things in their home. Question: Can happiness be bought? Answer: No, because you cannot buy happiness it will come on its own. You may feel happiness in your heart. Question: Do you find happiness in the little things? Answer: Yes I can find happiness in little things by meeting new friends helping the elderly peoples help out with the people in my church is a good leader. Be one of the best people that I can do my best in what do. Second suspect: Granddaughter Maya Question: What is happiness in your own words? Answer: Happiness in my own words would be being around family members and being loved by others. Question: what influenced you to give the answer that you gave? Answer: When I was younger my uncle Paris died and I was so happy to see all my family members there to support my mom and siblings. To see the support of my family member it brought me great happiness. Also when I come out of school my grandmother is outside waiting for us in her car to pick me up. Question: What has brought you happiness? Answer: My siblings and loving grandmother brought me happiness. Question: Do you think other people have different perspectives of happiness? Answer: Yes I do think people have different perspectives of happiness because it all depends where you come from and how you were raised. Question: Can happiness be bought? Answer: I don’t think so because what brings you happiness is from deep down inside and what comes from your soul. Question: Do you find happiness in the little things? Answer: Yes I do find happiness in little things like young love or accepting who you are inside. In conclusion the age difference may not change how one person may think happiness is. Both my suspect have almost the same ideas of happiness. I also agree with their answers. I may not know what other peoples definition of happiness is but I know what mines are and the people around me. Happiness may change over time but mostly everyone knows what they really want in their life. You may not see what makes you happy right away but when you do I will be more obvious than ever before. I remember the song of Al Green â€Å"Love and Happiness†. Like in the song â€Å"Love make you do right, love make you do wrong make you stay out all night long. Happiness can bring many different things. Happiness made me return back to school. Without returning back to school I don’t think I’ll have the happiness I have right now. Happiness will never come to those who don’t appreciate it. So from all this I can what I like the most from this experiment was how people explained what they thought happiness was. As I was a little girl I always believed in a good life that I could live in that I could be very happy for rest of my life. Have a happy family, a nice paying job and a loving home. Life brings happiness that look for it. It is gentle. Happiness is a dance you choose which one you want to dance to probably a nice gentle dance. Happiness is everything you put into it. How you show your love to others. I think happiness is the best thing that you can accomplished out of life. It does matter how or what you did to get it all that matters is that you have it now. Thank you professor I did it!

A Hue of Death Essay

A Hue of Death Essay A Hue of Death Essay Timothy Braun Developmental Writing 18-September 2013 The Mantis Shrimp: A Hue of Death The ability to see twelve different colors, pulverize its victims in one punch and completely baffle scientists for years, the mantis shrimp is an extraordinary feat of evolutionary success. Humans, we have evolved for several hundreds of thousands of years to become the most complex and advanced keepers of time and knowledge that the universe has ever seen. Although we have created an illusion that humans are capable of understanding everything in the universe, we still cannot comprehend some of the traits acquired by our Earthling cousins. We have three receptors in our eyes aptly named â€Å"cones† due to the shape of their cellular membrane. These cones allow us to see three main colors, red, green, and blue. Along with these three colors they give us the ability to see all colors that are derived from these such as yellow, pink, and orange. While what we can see can be beautiful and magnificent to us, the mantis shrimp would feel pity on us for the dull lives we lead. Certain species of the mantis shrimp are equipped with sixteen different photoreceptors in the eye, twelve of which are used strictly for detecting color of varying wavelength. This enables the mantis shrimp to see a broad range of colors that us humans can’t even begin to imagine or attempt to perceive. Not only are these eyes magnificent in their ability to perceive light and color beyond our own capabilities, they have the function to move and view areas around the completely independently of each other. The eyes of the mantis shrimp are considered to be the most complex in the animal kingdom. Electromagnetic radiation also known as EMR is all the light that we are able to see but also much more than that. EMR is the energy emitted from charged particles. Different energy on particles emit different frequencies of light, and in the whole scale of these we are only able to see a small fraction of the entire EMR scale known as the visual light spectrum. There is light such as ultraviolet and inferred that we can’t perceive with the naked eye. Polarized Light is another property of light that is relevant to the mantis shrimp and our everyday lives. You can imagine light being a solid cylindrical ‘pipe’ that when filtered properly can change the frequency and the intensity of the light. While we aren’t able to see these ourselves we believe our friend the mantis shrimp can. The mantis shrimp has the ability to see twelve different colors, in any combination along with the ability to see different layers of polarized light. These eyes are able to make out such beauty that us, the keepers of all knowledge will never be able to understand. The mantis shrimp embodies this grand life of colorful patterns down to the colors of their bodies. The body of a mantis shrimp is colorful, downright neon rave party colorful actually. This has evolved to be an extraordinary social benefit to the shrimp and has helped these creatures of the shallows become a fairly complex social animal. The colors of their bodies seem to have benefits in communicating with other Mantes. They use special colors that only other shrimps can see in order to mate safely and without high risk of being preyed upon during mating time. These colors have been proven to be a key strategy to their survival. Although a safe and reliable way to mate is an important factor to the

Temperature Definition in Science

Temperature Definition in Science Temperature is an objective measurement of how hot or cold an object is. It can be measured with a thermometer or a calorimeter. It is a means of determining the internal energy contained within a given system. Because humans easily perceive the amount of heat and cold within an area, it is understandable that temperature is a feature of reality that we have a fairly intuitive grasp on. Consider that many of us have our first interaction with a thermometer in the context of medicine, when a doctor (or our parent) uses one to discern our temperature, as part of diagnosing an illness. Indeed, temperature is a critical concept in a wide variety of scientific disciplines, not just medicine. Heat Versus Temperature Temperature is different from heat, although the two concepts are linked. Temperature is a measure of the internal energy of a system, while heat is a measure of how energy is transferred from one system (or body) to another, or, how temperatures in one system are raised or lowered by interaction with another. This is roughly described by the kinetic theory, at least for gases and fluids. The kinetic theory explains that the greater the amount of heat is absorbed into a material, the more rapidly the atoms within that material begin to move, and, the faster atoms move, the more the temperature increases. As atoms begin to slow down their movement, the material becomes cooler. Things get a little more complicated for solids, of course, but thats the basic idea. Temperature Scales Several temperature scales exist. In the United States, the Fahrenheit temperature is most commonly used, though the International System of Units (SI unit) Centigrade (or Celsius) is used in most of the rest of the world. The Kelvin scale is used often in physics and is adjusted so that 0 degrees Kelvin is equal to absolute zero, which is, in theory, the coldest possible temperature and at which point all kinetic motion ceases. Measuring Temperature A traditional thermometer measures temperature by containing a fluid that expands at a known rate as it gets hotter and contracts as it gets cooler. As the temperature changes, the liquid within a contained tube moves along a scale on the device. As with much of modern science, we can look back to the ancients for the origins of the ideas about how to measure temperature back to the ancients. In the first century CE, the Greek philosopher and mathematician Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria (10–70 CE) wrote in his work Pneumatics about the relationship between temperature and the expansion of air. After the Gutenberg Press was invented, Heros book was published in Europe in 1575, its wider availability inspiring the creation of the earliest thermometers throughout the following century. Inventing the Thermometer The Italian astronomer Galileo  (1564–1642) was one of the first scientists recorded to have actually used a device that measured temperature, though it is unclear whether he actually built it himself or acquired the idea from someone else. He used a device called a thermoscope to measure the amount of heat and cold, at least as early as 1603. Throughout the 1600s, various scientists tried to create thermometers that measured temperature by a change of pressure within a contained measurement device. English physician Robert Fludd (1574–1637) built a thermoscope in 1638 that had a temperature scale built into the physical structure of the device, resulting in the first thermometer. Without any centralized system of measurement, each of these scientists developed their own measurement scales, and none of them really caught on until Dutch-German-Polish physicist and inventor  Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736) built his in the early 1700s. He built a thermometer with alcohol in 1709, but it was really his mercury-based thermometer of 1714 that became the gold standard of temperature measurement. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Economics of Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Economics of Strategy - Essay Example As the service producing industries in US account for 81 percent of all private sector payrolls, economic growth in the sector can be a boost for the investments in credit. However, as the extent of the credit market impact is not clear, the investments in credit business may result in attracting higher interests for home loan customers or credits being tightened. The overall consumer spending that will be a result of steady gains in jobs and incomes can neutralize the impact of subprime debacle. However, the tight credit may not affect the household sector also as long as labor markets are strong. As service sector companies are adding new workers, the gains in payrolls are a suggestion for the expanding of the operations that supports the household spending. 1 The economy and profitability of economic organizations depend on the transaction costs. In that aspect, the subprime lending is a good opportunity for economic organizations, but the debacle has led the organizations to face the losses. The internal structure, working nature and policy of the economic organizations decide the cost and nature of transactions. As a result, transaction cost economics by Coase decides the structure of the organization and working relations between departments in an economic organization. ... The afore-mentioned costs depend on the organization of transactions. The efficiency of organization and profitability increases by decreasing the transaction costs and increasing the returns. The first type of costs are the costs coupled with markets that are result of bargaining of independent agents. However, the afore-mentioned have least affect on sub-prime market as they charge higher interest rates from comparatively lower income class. The significant problem in this market is about risk involved in repayment of the loan advanced to the customers. The afore-mentioned problem arises from the second type of costs that incur due to the decisions of the individuals in the company manage to influence decisions for their personal benefits. Minimizing the afore-mentioned second type of costs is very difficult in any type of economic organization, as opposing the decisions is possible only with managing influence costs within the organization. In general, there is not much care taken about internal workings of an economic organization. 2 However, investing in subprime market on a large scale is a decision of internal working and the extent of investment should depend on the economic growth. Many organizations have invested (advanced loans on lesser security) in subprime market, while in a period when the economy is in recession or not recording remarkable growth. The theory of markets controlled by impersonal forces is useful in managing the influence costs within the management, as the managers, who influence the decision of the firm have to take into consideration the market conditions and probable changes in near future. The near future mentioned above should be nearer to the time that